Assignment 2: The Pathophysiology of Disorders

During the last 5 weeks, you have explored various body systems: neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, and hematological. These four systems work together along with other body systems to complete a myriad of functions. For this reason, when disorders occur within one body system, it can create potentially devastating effects throughout the entire body. For instance, Parkinson’s disease is a disorder of the central nervous system, yet its alterations actually affect multiple body systems from the cardiovascular system to the gastrointestinal system. In this Assignment, you examine alterations associated with disorders, as well as the impact of the alterations on multiple body systems. To Prepare From the list below, select a disorder of interest to you: Alzheimer’s disease Asthma in children Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Congestive heart failure Hepatic disease (liver disease) Hypertension Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism Seizures Sepsis Identify alterations associated with your selected disorder. Consider the pathophysiology of the alterations. Think about how these alterations produce pathophysiological changes in at least two body systems. Reflect on how patient factors such as genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, and behavior might impact the pathophysiology of the alterations you identified, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of your selected disorder.  Review the “Mind maps—Dementia, Endocarditis, and Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)” media in the Week 2 Learning Resources. Use the examples in the media as a guide to construct a mind map for the disorder you selected. Consider the epidemiology and clinical presentation of your selected disorder. To Complete Develop a 5- to 10-slide PowerPoint presentation that addresses the following: Describe your selected disorder, as well as associated alterations. Explain the pathophysiology of the alterations, including changes that occur in at least two body systems. Explain how genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, and behavior might impact the pathophysiology of the alterations you identified, as well as diagnosis and treatment of your selected disorder. Construct a mind map for the disorder you selected. Include the epidemiology, pathophysiology of alterations, risk factors, and clinical presentation, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.

Circulation
Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:
1. Compare and contrasts the anatomy and physiology of blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries. Why are these differences significant in the overall function of the circulatory system? Please be specific.
2. Provide several examples of factors that cause increases or decreases in peripheral resistance and discuss their effect on overall arterial blood pressure.

Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:
1. Describe and define the differences between the lymphatic system and immunity.
2. How do the innate and adaptive immune systems differ in their responses to foreign substances? Provide examples of each system.

1. Briefly identify and discuss the anatomical and structural differences between arteries and veins.
2. Briefly identify and discuss differences between blood and lymphatic vessels.
3. View the anatomical models Figure 32.3,Figure 32.4,Figure 32.8,Figure 32.10,Figure 32.13,and Figure 35.1 (a)from your Laboratory Manual and identify the structures that are described by the following abbreviated statements. Post your brief responses in the threaded Discussion Area below.
a. Drains the stomach, pancreas, and spleen to the liver for detoxification
b. Two paired arteries serving the brain
c. Formed by the union of the radial and ulnar arteries
d. Drains head, neck, and upper extremities
e. What the external iliac artery becomes in the thigh
f. Join to form the inferior vena cava
g. Receives lymph from the circulation
h. Filtering clusters under the arm
i. Enlarged terminus of the thoracic duct
4. View the histology slides Figure 32.1 (a)and (b)in your Laboratory Manual and identify the microscopic structures indicated by a leader line, number, or bracket. In the threaded Discussion Area below, briefly describe the function of:
a. Figure 32.1 (a) artery and vein
b. Figure 32.1 (b) tunica media
c. Figure 32.1 (b) capillary network