Explain why an insertion of three nucleotides is less likely to result in a deleterious effect than an insertion of a single nucleotide.

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In your paper, address the following points:

  • You will get to simulate transcription and translation by building a sentence “polypeptide” from words “amino acids”. You need review the genetic code and the roles of the mRNA, tRNA and the ribosome in the process of translation. Using this knowledge be prepared to discuss the following scenario:
  • Here is the gene of interest:
    • GTAACCGTATTGCAGCTATTAGCAGCCATGCATTGGCATAACGTCGATAATCGTCGGTAC
    • Which DNA strand is used in the production of mRNA and why?
    • Why does the gene need a promoter and a “start”?
    • Analyze how the ribosome, tRNA and mRNA work together to fit all of the pieces of this puzzle together to make a protein.
    • Translate the sequence about to make a protein.
    • What would happen if a frame shift mutation happened in the sequence above? Specifically, what occurs if you were to add a G after the third nucleotide in the sequence? How does this impact the function of the protein in the cell?
    • Explain why an insertion of three nucleotides is less likely to result in a deleterious effect than an insertion of a single nucleotide.

What is the key to the recognition of codominance?

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Question 5

What is the key to the recognition of codominance?

A- The alleles affect more than one trait.
B- The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.
C- The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
D- The trait exhibits a continuous distribution.
E- The dominant allele is not always expressed.

Question 22

Answer the next questions using the pedigree below. Assume that deafness (dd) is caused by a single gene and is recessive to Hearing.

What would be the genotype of individual number 1?

A- None of the alleles can be determined
B- D_
C- dd
D- Dd
E- DD

Question 25

Answer the question using the pedigree above. Assume that deafness (dd) is caused by a single gene and is recessive to Hearing. Given that individual #4 and an another individual with genotype Dd are married and want to have children. What is the probability that they have a deaf girl?

A- 0%
B- Cannot be determined from the data
C- 50%
D- 25%
E- 12.5%

Question 26

My wife and I had three girls in a row, Amber, Melissa, and Camila and we recently had a little baby boy (so 3:1 ratio girls to boys). What is the chance that our next child (assume we have not determined the gender) will be male?

A- 25%
B- 33%
C- 67%
D- 50%
E- 75%

Question 30

Given the template DNA strand TACACCTCCCTACTACTCCCGGGATC, and that the string of bases CTACTACT represents an intron region. What is the mRNA processed transcript?

Ans:

Question 33

Based on the phylogenetic tree below, which of the following is most correct?

A- HIV is not related to SIV because Humans did not evolve from chimps
B- HIV evolved multiple times from SIV
C- Since humans are more evolved than chimps, HIV is more evolved than SIV
D- HIV M evolved from HIV O

Question 38

The image below shows evidence from a RFLP analysis from your DNA forensics lab. The defendant testified that the blood on his clothes was his own. What statement below best fits this testimony.

A- He has a valid point because some of the lines seem to match up.
B- It could have been anyone’s blood.
C- He is telling the truth because he is under oath
D- The pattern clearly shows that the blood matches the victims blood
E- There is no way to tell if the blood really is his because it had already dried

Question 41

What is the approximate probability of someone else having the same STR Profile as the one in this figure:

Use the table below to calculate the probability.
Locus Allele Frequency
D3S1358 12 0.015
D3S1358 13 0.015
D3S1358 14 0.1341
D3S1358 15 0.2896
D3S1358 16 0.2287
D3S1358 17 0.1616
D3S1358 18 0.1616
D3S1358 19 0.0152

VWA 12 0.015
VWA 14 0.1311
VWA 15 0.1189
VWA 16 0.186
VWA 17 0.2774
VWA 18 0.189
VWA 19 0.0884
VWA 20 0.015

FGA 18 0.015
FGA 19 0.061
FGA 20 0.125
FGA 21 0.1799
FGA 22 0.2287
FGA 23 0.1311
FGA 24 0.1463
FGA 25 0.0945
FGA 26 0.0183
FGA 27 0.015

A- 39 out of 10,000
B- 12 out of 1000
C- 12 out of a billion
D- 39 out of 1,000,000 people

Question 3

What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis-driven science?

A- Discovery science involves predictions about outcomes, whereas hypothesis-driven science involves tentative answers to specific questions.
B- Discovery science is based on deductive reasoning, whereas hypothesis-driven science is based on inductive reasoning.
C- Discovery science “discovers” new knowledge, whereas hypothesis-driven science does not.
D- There is no difference between them.
E- Discovery science is mostly about describing nature, whereas hypothesis-driven science tries to explain nature.

Question 4

Aside from Natural selection, Darwin was the first biologist to propose:

A- Mutations in the genes can lead to new variation
B- genetic inheritance, stonger genes in parents lead to stronger genes in the offspring
C- Tree like structure to describe evolution
D- Darwin did not propose anything new aside from natural selection.
E- The evolution of species over time

Question 6

Which of these would Darwin not agree with:

A- The idea that individuals striving to survive leads to better adapted species
B- Evolution via natural selection requires long amounts of time
C- Common ancestry for all of life
D- Significant weight should be given to geology and fossils as evidence of evolution

Question 8

Natural selection always results in ______.

A- an increase in the size of a population
B- increased genetic variation
C- offspring better adapted to a future environment
D- a decrease in the size of a population
E- offspring better adapted to their parents’ environment than were their parents

Question 11

Which of the following is a characteristic of a non-trivial organization system?

A- Only experts in the field would be able to understand it
B- You get more out of it than what you put in it.
C- Tradition trumps new evidence
D- Organized alphabetically
Question 15

For the following questions, determine the ones that can be addressed by Science.

A- How old is the Earth?
B- What morphological characteristics were likely present in the common ancestor of humans and chimps?
C- Why was the Earth created?
D- How does coffee affect ulcers?
E- Are humans most closely related to chimpanzees?

Question 24

Identify each scenario as either a pre-zygotic or post-zygotic barrier to reproduction:

A- Populations never come into contact with each other
B- Offspring fail to reproduce
C- Male and female gametes fail to unite in fertilization.
D- Mating behaviors are not recognized by different organisms
E- Embryos are inviable and do not survive more than a few days
F- Genitalia structures are far too different to allow successful copulation

Question 25

Match the following species concept with one of its disadvantages.

A- Biological species concept
B- Phylogenetic species concept
C- Morphological species concept

Question 26

Which of the following are evidences that evolution has occurred (Mark all that apply): Choose at least one answer.
A- All of the different varieties of dogs that were artificially selected
B- Relatively young earth – less than 10 thousand years.
C- The fossil record
D- Adaptations acquired during life passed on to offspring
E- ack of homology among organisms
F- Marsupial radiation
G- All organisms share the same four DNA nucleotides (A T G C)
H- modern interpretation of the bible
I- Existence of vestigial organs
J- Humans evolving from modern day chimpanzee

Question 28

Mark all that apply: Which of the following is the equivalent to branching points on phylogenetic trees?

A- Speciation events
B- Nodes
C- Branches
D- Common ancestors
E- Internodes

Question 25

Which of the following best describes an enzyme?

A- They lower the amount of energy present in the substrate.
B- They lower the energy of activation of a reaction by binding the substrate.
C- They raise the energy of activation of a reaction by binding the substrate.
D- They heat up the reactants so that reactions occur at a greater speed.

Question 35

A pair of sex chromosomes found in a human male is most like

A- identical twins.
B- a pair of blue jeans.
C- a bride and groom.
D- a knife, fork, and spoon.

Question 46

What are the three main ingredients in photosynthesis?

A- Nitrogen
B- Carbon dioxide
C- Simple sugars
D- Oxygen
E- Light
F- ATP
G- Water

What societal/governmental measures might/should be employed to assist in the conservation effort?

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In Colonial Philadelphia, it was considered not only immoral but illegal to bathe more than monthly. Many community leaders of the time felt that exposure to nakedness (even one’s own) initiated immoral thoughts, and thereby, promoted promiscuity. Thankfully, we have moved beyond that particular more. Clearly, different people have differing standards for the determination of undesirability. The old adage, “One man’s trash is another man’s treasure,” is equally true in reverse. Personal rights and the ability to make one’s own choices are good things, but they must be balanced with responsibility. This is especially true when our choices have the potential to impact others. 1 Corinthians 10:23, 24 (ESV) says, “All things are lawful, but not all things are helpful. All things are lawful, but not all things build up. Let no one seek his own good, but the good of his neighbor.” The Apostle Paul was writing about meat in the previous passage but applying the concept of behavioral choices to edify others. This is equally true as we balance rights and responsibility.
In light of your personal conservation effort, consider the balance of personal choices and societal measures to force change. What societal/governmental measures might/should be employed to assist in the conservation effort?

must be AMA format, 400-500 words

Conduct the experiment and record your results below. What did you observe? Which samples showed bubbling?

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Final Applied Lab Project

Addresses course outcomes 1-4:

  • recognize and explain how the scientific method is used to solve problems
  • make observations and discriminate between scientific and pseudoscientific explanations
  • weigh evidence and make decisions based on strengths and limitations of scientific knowledge and the scientific method
  • use knowledge of biological principles and the scientific method to ask relevant questions, develop hypotheses, design and conduct experiments, interpret results, and draw conclusions

This is the culminating assessment in BIOL 103. It is designed to assess your ability to apply the principles of the scientific method. For this project, you will complete the activity below. Make sure to address all points (questions) associated with the activity.

 

Final Applied Lab Project

Design an experiment in which you will test the effect of an acidic fluid on enzymatic activity. (Recall: enzymes are proteins.) To complete this project, it may be useful for you to review the Scientific Method Tutorial (found the Course Content section of the classroom under the ScienceLearningCenter link) and the Scientific Method lab (Lab 1), so that you can better understand how to design an experiment.  It may also be helpful for you to review your textbook and Lab 4 (Enzymes).  As you review Lab 4, you will be reminded that there are several factors that impact enzymatic activity: pH, temperature, and amount of reagent.  Feel free to refer to observations and information from Lab 4 as you complete the questions required in the Final Applied Project (see the questions below).

As you design your experiment for this project, please remember that you are trying to examine how an acidic fluid will modify the outcome of an enzymatic reaction.  To successfully complete this project, you will need to identify the question(s) being asked in your experiment and the hypothesis that you are testing.  In your experimental design, you must clearly explain what you are doing. That means that you will need to identify the enzyme and the acid, as well as explain your experimental protocol (this information will help you to answer question 2).  You must also thoroughly explain how the addition of the acidic fluid impacted the overall reaction process (this information will help you to answer question 4).

Hint: Keep in mind that the acid will change the environmental conditions of the experiment (for example, a low pH value could change the shape of the active site on the enzyme protein), without directly participating in the reaction.

 

Lab Materials

You may need the following, depending on your experimental design:

Materials in your lab kit:

  •  none

Additional materials you may need:

  • plastic beakers or cups
  • hydrogen peroxide solution (from Lab 4)
  • yeast (from Lab 4)
  • sample of fresh meat, about 1 cm cubed in size (unprocessed and uncooked, e.g., liver, steak, fish, or poultry—particularly organs)
  • sample of fresh vegetable, about 1 cm cubed in size (e.g., potatoes or other root vegetables)
  • a pen for labeling the beakers or cups
  • a ruler with centimeter markings

Remember, the goal of this project is for you to evaluate the effect of an acid on enzymatic activity.  As part of this assignment, you must identify your source of enzyme and the acid used.  As you work though this project, you must also make sure that the following questions/points are addressed:

1. What question are you asking? Clearly state your hypothesis.

2. Design an experiment. Provide a detailed account of the materials and methods used to conduct the experiment. Also include the methods for data collection and analysis.

3. Conduct the experiment and record your results below. What did you observe? Which samples showed bubbling?

4. Use your knowledge about enzymes to interpret your results. It may be necessary for you to refer to your textbook. What effect does the acid have on the enzyme?

5. Was your hypothesis supported? What is your conclusion?

6. Cite all references used to complete your Final Applied Project.