Discuss the importance of each step in the scientific method. Why do you think scientists utilize this type of experimentation and reasoning?

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· Be a minimum of 75 words in length

· Include at least one in-text citation along with a reference at the end of the post using APA format

Question 1:

Discuss the importance of each step in the scientific method. Why do you think scientists utilize this type of experimentation and reasoning?

Question 2:

Describe the circumstances under which each of the following would be considered to be not sustainable: cutting trees for lumber and paper; use of nuclear energy; use of fossil fuels. How could each activity be managed to make it sustainable?

Study Material 

Title: The Scientific Method After Next

Description: Read “The Scientific Method After Next,” by Stein, from World Future Review (2012).

URL: https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=76099699&site=ehost-live&scope=site

Title: Scientific Method

Description: View the “Scientific Method” on YouTube.

URL: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=wlb7tLJy5AI#t=0

Question 3:

View the Biome Explorer in the topic materials. Click on an ecosystem and a scenario. How might this scenario affect the genetic diversity of the population? Would this be good or bad for the population? Then explain another topic (not listed in the scenarios) that can impact a species population within the ecosystem. Why?

Question 4:

Species differ greatly in birth and death rates, survivorship, and life spans. There must be advantages and disadvantages in living longer or reproducing more quickly. Why hasn’t evolution selected for the most advantageous combination of characteristics so that all organisms would be more or less alike?

What did the experiment on social emotions in which treats were dispensed on table and a rope could be pulled to end experiment demonstrate about chimpanzees’ ability to understand responsibility and punishment?

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ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BASED ON THE SOURCES PROVIDED AND THE SOURCES ATTACHED:

 

VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojzcNxyHZB8&feature=youtu.be

 

1. How do Whiten et al. and Vaidyanathan define culture in chimpanzees?

 

2. In order for a behavior to be considered cultural, scientists have to rule out other possible explanations for the behavior. What are the two main other explanations scientists generally consider? (Vaidyanathan talks about this more explicitly than Whiten et al.)

 

3. What are some examples of cultural behaviors in chimpanzees? Explain at least 3 specific examples of culture in chimpanzees from course materials. Be specific and name the sites at which the behaviors have been observed. Feel free to refer to material from Topic 12. NOTE: While the experiments presented in Ape Genius are interesting and demonstrate capacities required for the presence of culture (social learning, imitation), they are not in and of themselves cultural behaviors. You will want to focus on natural behaviors observed in wild chimpanzee populations.

 

For the rest of the questions, your answers should be based on Ape Genius.

4. Can chimpanzees learn new behaviors through imitation? What are the two specific examples presented in the video? Be specific and explain the experiments in detail.

 

5. Humans are obviously experts at imitation but what curious thing did researchers discover about human imitation when humans were presented with the treat in the puzzle box experiment?

 

6. In one set of experiments, researchers placed food on a tray that chimpanzees could pull toward themselves using two ropes. What did this experiment reveal about chimpanzees’ ability to cooperate with each other?

 

7. Researchers conducted the same cooperation experiment with bonobos. How did the bonobos do on the task compared to the chimpanzees?

 

8. What did the experiment on social emotions in which treats were dispensed on table and a rope could be pulled to end experiment demonstrate about chimpanzees’ ability to understand responsibility and punishment?

 

9. In a series of experiments with two chimpanzees, Sarah and Sheba, that examines social emotions Sally Boysen presented one of the chimpanzees with two bowls of M&Ms and asked her to pick a bowl. Explain the experiment and how the chimpanzees performed.

 

10. Later, Boysen did the same experiment but instead of using M&Ms in the bowls, she replaced the candies with Arabic numerals. How did this change the chimpanzee’s performance on the experiment? What does this result suggest about chimpanzee social emotions? About their capacity for understanding symbols?

 

If you were to heat the melted water to its boiling point, what would happen to the entropy of the system?

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This discussion has 2 parts that should total 200 words in 2 paragraphs. In Part 1, answer the questions in paragraph form using about 100 words. In part 2, read the prompt and discuss your thoughts in an additional 100 words. Once you have submitted your initial post, return to read the posts of others. Choose one classmate to respond to using about 50 words. Make sure to address them by their first name and sign your response with your own first name.

Part 1:

1. Observe an ice cube or hold one in your hand.  This is water in a solid form, so it has a high structural order.  This means that the molecules cannot move very much and are in a fixed position.  The temperature of the ice is zero degrees celcius.  As a result, the entropy of the system is low.

2. Allow the ice to melt at room temperature.  What is the state of molecules in the liquid water now?  How did the energy transfer take place?  Is the entropy of the system higher or lower?  Why?

3. If you were to heat the melted water to its boiling point, what would happen to the entropy of the system?

Part 2:

Think about the world around you. Give another every day example of entropy and explain how it relates to increasing disorder of energy. If all energy tends to become more disordered, how do we always have a supply of usable energy?

What is the genotype

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Question

1. Which of the following includes all the others?

A) atom

B) cell

C) organism

D) population

2. In science, a hypothesis must be

A) testable

B) derived from a theory

C) a known fact

D) able to be proven absolutely true

3. A chlorine atom has 17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 17 electrons. The atomic number of chlorine is

A) 8

B) 17

C) 35

D) 52

4. If you place the probe of a pH meter in lye or sodium hydroxide (NaOH), it will read pH 14. Sodium hydroxide is

A) an acid

B) neutral

C) a base

5. This polysaccharide forms fibers that are a major component of plant cell walls:

A) glucose

B) starch

C) cellulose

D) glycogen

6. Which of these types of molecules contain nitrogen?

A) polysaccharides

B) proteins

C) steroids

7. Fats contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins because

A) fat molecules contain a lower percentage of oxygen atoms

B) fat molecules contain a lower percentage of hydrogen atoms

C) fat molecules contain a lower percentage of carbon atoms

D) fat molecules contain a higher percentage of adipose atoms

8. Prokaryotic cells, with no nucleus or membranous organelles, are found in

A) animals

B) bacteria

C) fungi

D) plants

9. The main function of a ribosome is to

A) extract energy from glucose

B) synthesize glucose

C) store food in the form of fat

D) synthesize proteins

10. Mitochondria

A) package proteins for secretion from cell

B) contain chromosomes

C) are sites of oxidation of glucose to generate ATP

D) synthesize proteins

11. The plasma membrane consists of

A) a single layer of phospholipid molecules

B) a double layer of phospholipid molecules in which proteins are embedded

C) several layers of protein and carbohydrate molecules

D) a triple layer of phospholipids and carbohydrates

12. The movement of molecules from a region of low concentration across a membrane to a region of high concentration by use of ATP energy is

A) active transport

B) diffusion

C) passive transport

D) osmosis

13. The oxygen in our atmosphere is produced by

A) greenhouse effect

B) cellular respiration

C) photosynthesis

D) volcanic eruptions

14. Yeast cells break down glucose anaerobically into

A) ethanol and CO2

B) lactic acid and CO2

C) lactic acid and H2O

D) ethanol and H2O

15. Carbon dioxide is released in

A) the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis

B) the Krebs cycle

C) glycolysis

D) the Calvin cycle

16. If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is lower than the concentration inside

A) water will tend to enter the cell by osmosis

B) water will tend to leave the cell by osmosis

C) glucose will tend to enter the cell by osmosis

D) glucose will tend to leave the cell by osmosis

17. What happens if a red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A) the cell will shrink

B) the cell will swell and may burst

C) the cell will remain the same size

18. Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes?

A) they are proteins

B) they speed up the rate of chemical reactions

C) they act on specific substances called substrates

D) they are used up in each reaction, thus need to be produced in large quantities

19. Which of these does not have to be present for photosynthesis to occur?

A) water

B) carbon dioxide

C) glucose

D) chlorophyll

20. Each new cell produced by this process will have an identical copy of all chromosomes and genes possessed by the parent cell:

A) mitosis

B) meiosis

21. During the first division of meiosis,

A) chromosomes separate at the centromere

B) homologous chromosomes separate

C) chromosomes become triploid

22. If a normal parent and an albino parent have albino child, the genotypes of the parents are

A) AA x Aa

B) Aa x Aa

C) Aa x aa

D) aa x aa

23. The number of chromosomes in a human egg cell is

A) 4

B) 23

C) 46

D) 48

24. A change in DNA base sequence from CATAC to CACAC would describe

A) translation

B) replication

C) transcription

D) mutation

25. Which of these processes does notoccur in the nucleus?

A) DNA replication

B) transcription

C) translation

26. tRNA molecules contain anticodons and carry amino acids to be used in this process:

A) mutation

B) DNA replication

C) transcription

D) translation

27. Exchange of genes between maternal and paternal chromosomes before the first division of meiosis is caused by

A) X-linkage

B) crossing over

C) replication

D) cytokinesis

28. Which is not a subunit of DNA?

A) adenine

B) guanine

C) uracil

D) phosphate

29. A karyotype of an individual with Down syndrome has how many chromosomes?

A) 3

B) 23

C) 46

D) 47

30. If a heterozygous male mates with an albino female, what percentage of albino children would be expected?

A) 0%

B) 25%

C) 50%

D) 75%

E) 100%

31. A father with genotype IAIB and mother with phenotype O could produce children with these blood types:

A) AB only

B) A and B only

C) A, B, and AB only

D) A, B, AB, and O

32. During DNA replication, an old DNA strand with base sequence ATCTGAGTA would serve as a template to form a new complementary strand with the base sequence:

A) TAGACTCAT

B) ATCTGAGTA

C) AUCUCUGUA

33. In peas, tall (T) is dominant to dwarf (t) and, on a separate chromosome set, purple flower (P) is dominant to white flower (p). If Gregor Mendel crosses the genotypes TtPp and ttPp, what is the expected ratio of phenotypes in the offspring?

A) 9/16 tall purple flowered, 3/16 tall white, 3/16 dwarf purple, 1/16 dwarf white

B) 3/8 tall purple flowered, 1/8 tall white, 3/8 dwarf purple, 1/8 dwarf white

C) 1/4 tall purple flowered, 1/4 tall white, 1/4 dwarf purple, 1/4 dwarf white

D) 3/4 tall purple flowered, 1/4 dwarf white

34. Queen Victoria’s son Leopold had hemophilia, which is caused by a sex-linked recessive gene (Xh). Leopold lived to be 31 years old and fathered a normal daughter. What is the genotype of his daughter?

A) XHXH

B) XHXh

C) XhXh

D) XHY

35. Microevolution by genetic drift is more likely in

A) large populations

B) small populations

36. New alleles appear in a species by

A) genetic drift

B) mutation

C) gene flow

D) natural selection

37. The insect wing, bat wing, and bird wing are

A) analogous structures

B) homologous structures

38. Speciation is most likely when a huge continental population of a snail species

A) undergoes genetic drift

B) is forced north by global warming

C) is divided in two over the eons by the rise of a mountain range

39. Groups of organisms that interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated from other such groups defines

A) communities

B) hybrids

C) families

D) species

40. Certain species of ants protect, and receive food from, certain species of acacia trees in the tropics. This exemplifies

A) predation

B) mutualism

C) competition

41. The most important cause of species extinction due to humans in recent centuries is

A) disease

B) global warming

C) genetic engineering

D) habitat loss

42. If the decomposers were removed from an ecosystem, the other organisms would eventually die because

A) green plants would run out of necessary minerals in the soil

B) green plants would lose their energy source

C) herbivores must eat decomposers

D) decomposers release oxygen needed by the other organisms

43. The source of energy for an ecosystem is

A) nutrients in the soil

B) water

C) sunlight

D) recycled energy from decomposers

44. Fungi are primarily

A) producers

B) herbivores

C) carnivores

D) decomposers

45. If deer are placed on an island with a constant, renewable food supply and a stable biological

community with predators, the growth curve after several decades would be described as a

A) J-curve [exponential]

B) S-curve [logistic]

46. Professor Hotsun is studying a desert ecosystem containing fig trees, fig-eating rats, rateating snakes, and snake-eating lizards. If the fig trees produce one million kcal of energy, about how much energy would be contained in the population ofrat-eating snakes?

A) 100,000 kcal

B) 50,000 kcal

C) 10,000 kcal

D) 1000 kcal

47. Colorblindness (Xb) is X-linked and recessive. Blondie is normal, and not a carrier, but her husband Dagwood is colorblind. If their daughter Cookie marries a colorblind man, what phenotypes can Cookie expect in her sons?

A) all normal

B) all colorblind

C) 1/2 colorblind, 1/2 normal

48. John has type A blood. John’s father has type O blood. Mary has type B blood. Mary’s mother is type A. The possible blood types of John and Mary’s daughters are

A) AB only

B) A or AB only

C) B or AB only

D) A, B, AB or O

Here is a list of mRNA codons and their amino acids. Use this information to answer #49 and #50:

AAU – asparagine AUC – isoleucine CAA – glutamine CAU – histidine

CGU – arginine CUU – leucine GAA – glutamate GAU – aspartate

GCA – alanine GGC – glycine UGU – cysteine

49. The sequence of amino acids of Arginine-Alanine-Leucine would be coded by this sequence of bases on mRNA :

A) CGUGCACUU

B) GUGCACAA

C) GCACGTGAA

D) GAAGCAGGC

50. A sequence of bases on a DNA strand of GAATTACGT would code for this amino acid sequence:

A) Leucine-Asparagine-Alanine

B) Aspartate-Glutamate-Alanine

C) Glutamine-Cysteine- Histidine

D) Leucine-Glutamate-Histidine