BIOLOGY 103 Spring 2015

FINAL EXAMINATION

Please copy and paste the final examination into a Word file. Complete it in this form (do not make any structural changes!) and submit it as an attachment into your Assignment Folder. Do not forget to put your name on top of the exam!

 

The absolute deadline for submission is Sunday, March 8, NOON.

I cannot accept any later submissions.

 

YOUR NAME:

 

_______________________________________________________________

Total possible points: 100

I. Multiple choice questions. Please bold or underline the correct answer (1point each=50 points)

1. In October of 2003, a raging wildfire swept through the mountain ecosystems in Southern California, burning everything in its path to the ground and driving away all of the animals. In order for the mountain ecosystem to establish itself, which member of the food web has to return first?

1. Deer
2. Coyotes
3. Snake
4. Grasses

 

2. Suppose you conduct an experiment which simulates glacial recession over time. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

1. Glacial mass
2. Sunlight
3. The season
4. Time

 

3. How many dependent variables can be tested during any single experiment?

1. 4
2. 3
3. 2
4. 1

 

4. The effectiveness of a medication containing growth hormones is tested on a group of young male rabbits 3 weeks of age. The best control group would be:

1. Any group of rabbits
2. A group of male rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication
3. A group of female rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication
4. A mixed group of male/female rabbits, three weeks old, not given the medication
5. No control is required; just measure whether the rabbits grew

 

5. When writing a lab report or a research paper, you need to show what the difference is between the “Results” section and the ”Discussion” section. Which of the following is correct?

1. The Discussion analyzes data, whereas the Results analyzes the procedure.
2. The Discussion analyzes data, whereas the Results displays data.
3. The Discussion displays data, whereas the Results analyzes the Discussion.
4. The Discussion displays the procedure, whereas the Results analyzes the data.

 

6. What characteristic of carbon makes it a good backbone for creating diverse and durable molecules?

1. Carbon is a large atom
2. Carbon forms four covalent bonds
3. Carbon forms hydrogen bonds
4. All of the above

 

7. Which of the following reactions or pathways is catabolic?

1. Converting glucose to carbon dioxide and water (cellular respiration)
2. Making starch from many glucose monomers
3. Photosynthesis, which builds glucose from carbon dioxide using energy from light
4. Making ATP from ADP and phosphate

 

8. One human disease is caused by a change in the DNA from GAA to GUA. This change is an example of:

1. Crossing-over
2. A meiosis error
3. A mitosis error
4. A mutation

 

9. What subatomic particles are found in the nucleus?

1. Elecctrons
2. Protons
3. Neutrons
4. Protons and neutrons
5. Protons and electrons

 

10. Which of the following describes H₂0, NaCl, CO₂, and HCl?

1. All are acids
2. All are gases
3. All are salts
4. All are inorganic molecules

 

11. Which of the following correctly describes a buffer?

1. A buffer converts an alkaline solution to neutral
2. A buffer converts an acid solution to neutral.
3. A buffer converts alkaline solutions to acid solutions.
4. A buffer converts strong bases or acids to weak bases or acids.

 

12. Which term does not belong in this list?

1. Acid
2. Vinegar
3. Hydrogen ion donor
4. pH 8
5. Lactic acid

 

13. The process in which molecules spread randomly from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration is:

1. Filtration
2. Diffusion
3. Exocytosis
4. Osmosis

 

14. Organize the following solutions from most concentrated to least concentrated: hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic.

1. Hypotonic>Hypertonic>Isotonic
2. Hypertonic>Hypotonic>Isotonic
3. Hypertonic>Isotonic>Hypotonic
4. Isotonic>Hypotonic>Hypertonic

 

15. The rate of diffusion depends on which of the following?

1. The medium
2. The size of the molecule
3. The polarity
4. All of the above
5. A. and C. only

 

16. All of the following are examples of elements except

1. Oxygen
2. Water
3. Hydrogen
4. Carbon

 

17. What would happen to a eukaryotic cell, if too much osmotic pressure develops within a cell?

1. The cell would remain the same size, but the internal organelles would become dehydrated
2. The cell would decrease in size, and could collapse.
3. The cell would increase in size, and could lyse.
4. Nothing, osmotic pressure does not impact the cell.

 

18. Inthe following chemical reaction, what is carbon dioxide (CO₂)?

12 H₂0 + 6 CO₂ = 1 glucose molecule + 6 O₂

A. substrate

B. product

C. enzyme

D. activation factor

E. independent variable

 

19. The bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons is a_________ bond.

1. Polar
2. Hydrogen
3. Ionic
4. Covalent

 

20. Which of the following terms includes all of the chemical reactions that occur within a cell?

1. Cellular respiration
2. Catabolism
3. Redox reactions
4. Metabolism
5. Phosphorylation

QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION

7. What criteria would you use to determine whether synesthesia is a disorder or a variation of normal sensation and perception?

8. Why do you think that synesthesia is more common today than it was 20 years ago?

9. Why might it be possible for infants to have synesthesia, but the ability is gradually lost?

10. Would you want to take a genetic test for synesthesia? Cite a reason for your answer.

11. Do you think that synesthesia should be regarded as a learning disability, an advantage, or neither?

CHAPTER 2 Cells

First cousins Sheila and Anika look so much alike, with their curly blond hair and startlingly blue eyes, that people often mistake them for twins. Now, at age 24, they are becoming mothers at the same time. Sheila has just given birth to Mallory, while Anika is in her first trimester of pregnancy. Both young women were biology majors, and so they are intrigued with nursing their babies, perhaps more so than most new mothers. Anika watches as Sheila responds to her baby’s fussing. As soon as Mallory cries in hunger, her mother’s brain sends hormonal signals into her bloodstream that trigger production, secretion and ejection of milk, a process called lactation. Hormones had begun remodeling Sheila’s breasts months earlier, replacing fat with glandular tissue. The system of milk ducts in the breasts, thin branches when Sheila was a child, grew into a lush network of ducts with grapelike tips called alveoli. A day after Mallory’s birth the alveoli swelled, filling Sheila’s breasts. The cells that line the alveoli which now make up most of Sheila’s breasts are specialized forms of epithelium called lactocytes. They secrete milk into the ducts that deliver it to the areola, the pigmented area that supports the nipple. Milk squirts forcefully from 15 to 25 holes when the baby feeds as other specialized cells, called myoepithelial cells, contract. Rare stem cells within the ducts divide, helping to reconfigure the fatty gland into a milk production facility. Milk is a highly complex and variable mixture tailored to anatomy, physiology, and lifestyle. The milks of all mammals consist of the major nutrients—proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals—suspended in water. Genes provide the specific recipe. Human milk has a higher proportion of fats compared to other species, which insulates cells of the developing brain, enabling them to communicate. In contrast, cow’s milk has much more protein than human milk, which a calf uses to rapidly build muscle. Yet marine mammals have even more fat than human milk, which they need to stay warm in frigid waters. Making milk takes a lot of energy. Following the secretion of milk illustrates the functions of organelles (Figure 1). The process begins in the nucleus, where genes encoding various proteins are transcribed into mRNA. Casein proteins are abundant—they provide a variety of amino acids and are therefore highly nutritious. They are also easy to digest. The genetic instructions also specify which antibody proteins line Mallory’s digestive and urinary tracts, protecting her against certain bacterial infections. Other mRNAs made in a lactocyte represent enzymes required to produce the nonprotein parts of milk, such as the sugar lactose and fats.