Promotional Strategy PresentationAnswers 1Bids 1Other questions 10

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Prepare a 4- to 6-slides Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation illustrating your promotional strategy.Compile the information presented in your previous papers.  SEE ATTACHMENTS FOR PAPERSInclude the following in the presentation:Include how you will use at least three of the following elements:AdvertisingPublic relationsDigital marketing, including social mediaSales promotionDirect marketingEvent marketingOutdoorFormat your assignment consistent with APA guidelines.

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G6-Etruscans&RomansAnswers 1Bids 1Other questions 10

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GUIDE 6                                                                                          Unit 2                                                                                                  ETRUSCANS                                                           & ANCIENT ROME  I.                  THE ETRUSCANS     Etruscan Necropolis The tombs (partly under the ground now) are our only source of information about amazing Etruscan culture. [Necropolis – the city of the dead]===================================================================Before the Romans gained supremacy over the Italian peninsula, the latter was inhabited by many indigenous peoples.  Which one was the most significant?*… How long back does the Etruscans history date?  – *… If you still remember the previous section (guide 5) and if you think historically, you should say here :  ‘Aha,  it means that the Etruscans lived at the same time when the Greeks lived,  painting the vases with the geometric patterns, and carving the statues of youths with an enigmatic ‘archaic smiles’ on their lips. When two cultures coexist as neighbors, they always interact and influence each other.      What did Etruria and Greece have in common?            *…          *…          *… When did the Romans vanquish the last of the Etruscans? – *…  ARCHITECTUREWhat is the only type of architecture that survived? – *…What were their interiors look like? – *…Why did the Etruscans want to duplicate their earthly environment? – *… Doesn’t it remind you about some other ancient civilization? Which one? – * …   SCULPTURE How did we know what the exterior of Etruscan house looked? – *… TermsCINERARY  URN  –  *… SARCOPHAGUS (pl. Sarcophagi) –  *…. *   Sarcophagus from Cerveteri   –   c. *…                                                      [when made?]What scene is depicted on top of the coffin? *… What can you say about the facial expressions of the spouses? Where did you see them before? –  ….That’s right; they do resemble the Greek kouros and kore from the Archaic period. What is different – the mood.  The early Greek statues look very rigid and solemnly. This is why the Greek Archaic style is also called severe style. Observe the faces of this couple reclining over the top of their sarcophagus.  Do the spouses look ‘severe’ to you?  Not really, right? Their joyful looks do not relate, in our perception, to a funerary object.  It is not accidentally either that the ancient sculptors chose the scene of the banquet to be on the lid of their coffin.  From what we know about the Etruscans, they seemed to be fun-loving people, spending life in numerous festivities.  Well, that’s it about the Etruscans. Unfortunately, you have too little in your book about this exciting culture. Yet, now you know who the Etruscans were. You know that their culture laid the foundation for Rome. You should also remember that the Etruscans borrowed a lot from the Greek culture and passed it, along with their own achievements, further down the road – to the Romans. Let us move on to the next great civilizations entering the stage of its Majesty History – grand Rome.  II.          ANCIENT ROME                               Rome existed for one thousand years – 500 years before common era and 500 years after                           500 B.C. – 500A.D.                         There were three major periods in the Roman History                                                        REPUBLIC              – last 500 years B.C. EARLY  EMPIRE   – first 200 years  A.D. LATE  EMPIRE      – next 300  years                                                   CLASSICAL WORLD TIMELINE Place on the timeline Greece, Etruscans, Roman Republic and Roman Empire (Early and Late) .   [Type inside the frames]                                                                                        Roman Empire                Greece                          ——————————————————————————————————–           900       800     700    600    500    400    300    200    100    O      100     200    300    400   50  Now start reading….  Short introduction on Rome and Roman art *…        [when was it established?]   * …       [how far was it stretched?]***** Greco-Roman art – *        Why did they come up with such a term?  ATTN: Classical & Greco-Roman can be used as synonyms. Classical art is more common term though.  THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD Please note, that paradoxically enough, in the history of Rome there was first a Republic and only then – Empire! If you think about the history of the Western world, usually the order is opposite.  Example: French republic that emerged after the French revolution in 1789 and replaced the monarchy.   History of Rome     [provide short essay]*….*…*… Please read the first two paragraphs carefully put down what similarities you could observe between Rome and the one in the United States.  In terms of the political system and law, I mean.  Not because today many people would compare USA with Roman Empire – this is not a correct comparison. As you know, America does not have colonies and thus can not be called empire. Following the strict definitions it presents a classical example of republic. * PATRICIANS  – *     [pah-TRIH-shuns]PLEBEIANS – *        [pleb-EE-uns]Here is more on terms. Plebs (pl. Plebes) – short of Plebeians – the common people of ancient Rome                                 or members of the lower classes.                                                SCULPTURE                                                                                       The Republican PeriodRome’s unique contribution to art – * In what way wasthe development of realistic portraiture connected with the cult of ancestors?*The Roman sculptural portraits exemplify the so-called harsh realism in art.Why do you think it is called harsh, and why realism to start with?* Head of a Roman      Date:                                               Material:     ARCHITECTURE                                                                               The Republican Period Architecture was the Rome’s greatest contribution to European culture.                                      Please remember this! Temple of Fortuna Virilis    *­___[Century]                      My TtimeLine:     B.C.–200——-100—– O —- 100—-…A.D.Indicate what was adopted from the Greeks.  * What were the Roman innovations?         *Which temples, Greek or Romans, were simpler and more focused on the function than aesthetics?   *MONOLITHIC(e.g. column) – *              [How does this type of column look as opposed to the Greek column – describe both]Actually you know both words: “mono” and “lithic – Remember the prehistoric guide?   PAINTING                                                                                            The Republican Period What were the walls of the Roman houses decorated with?  Describe two techniques used to create Murals (decorated walls) in Roman houses.  FRESCO– MOSAIC –  The mural ‘Ulysses’  – Observe the fresco and notice how well it gives the illusion (feeling/impression) of the three-dimensional space.  If you stand inside the house the mural painting create an illusion of  window or opening in the wall.We do not have any of the Greek wall painting survived but the art historians believe that it looked similar to *___  What event did mark the end of Republic and beginning of the Roman Empire?Who was the first Roman emperor? Tell shortly the story of Julius Caesar – an outstanding statesman who played a crucial role in the history of Rome. [you can even make a quick trip to the Net to learn more]  Caius Julius Caesar (July 13, 100 – March 15, 44 BCE), statesman, general and author, famous for the conquest of Gaul (modern France and Belgium)and his subsequent coup d’ etat. * …… your story RE: Dictator. Note that “originally in ancient Rome, dictatorship was an extraordinary magistracy, perhaps best translated as ‘strong man’, http://www2.cs.uh.edu/~clifton/caesar.html#overview    THE EARLY EMPIREThe dominant purpose of Roman art (the very first phrases)* What technologies and social benefits did Romans create and bring to the conquered areas that had become the parts of the new Roman Empire?    [Choose the major ones]            *          *          *          *   ARCHITECTURE                                                                                 The Early EmpireName two major innovations that the Romans contributed to the architecture. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _       (Hope I counted the letters correctly 🙂 Pont du Gardat Nimes, in __   [country]  ___  [date][Pronounced like [pohn –due –Gahr  at Nim]; the last letter in French is not pronounced.“Pont” is French word for “bridge”, but you know now that it is not what its function was]AQUEDUCT – *                             [Describe its function and design]                     Colosseum in Rome  – the most spectacular remains and symbol of Rome!                          [Describe the construction and note what is said about the combination of arch and column]**  **         AMPHITHEATER-*                     [define the term]Read “Compare + Contrast” pages on Stadium design.  Write a few interesting facts. Mention how big the Colosseum is? How many spectators could be placed in it? Put down a few words describing the entertainment programs that took place in it.                *                *                * Pantheonin *__               [Where?]  What was the function of the Pantheon? *Describe the DOME as a central part of this temple: *      How does coffered dome look?  – *What is the oculus? -* Take time to go back to the Greek temple ParthenonMake sure you are not confused about these names of two temples. Let us repeat together one more time:       Greek temple built in the5th century B.C. in Athens is called *                       Roman temple of the 2nd century A.D. in Rome is has a name of *                                       SCUPLTURE                                                                                    The Early EmpireDid the sculpture of the Roman Empire change in comparison with the earlier art of the Republic?  Tell me in what exactly way? *         Stature ofAugustus –   *     [date]Analyze these changes using this stature as an example. Do not forget to mention who Augustus was.* Marcus Aurelius on Horseback     *     [when?]                                      Equestrian portrait – *                                               Define the term and describe this monument.                          If you have time read more about this remarkable emperor.     Aurelius was perhaps the only true philosopher-king in the history of the world.He shared the basic Stoic belief in the divinity of the cosmos as an intelligent being with a soul, and stressed the harmony of all things and the importance of resigning to whatever happened.  In his Meditations, a serious of books written to  himself, he formulated his philosophy – the Stoic beliefs. Marcus Aurelius reigned from161 to 180 A.D.  He seems to have been a good and conscientious ruler who was magnanimous toward his enemies.  He banned informers, stamped down hard on corruption, and free slaves at every opportunity.  Needing extra funds for his war in Eastern Europe, he refused to raise taxes but instead held an auction of his own golden tableware and of his wife’s silk and gold embroidered dresses. The Meditations were written day by day, in every situation including war.  They often appear to be responses to the stress of supreme power, from the imminent fear of death in battle, to their trials of everyday life.  STOIC PHILOSOPHY or STOICISM    [Try to formulate its core beliefs – look up the Internet]  *Here are a few of Aurelius Meditations…’At dawn of day, when you dislike being called, have this thought ready: ‘I am called to man’s labour; why then do I make a difficulty if I am going out to do what I was born to do and what I was brought into the world for?”  “Do not act as if thou wert going to live ten thousand years. Death hangs over thee. While thou livest, while it is in thy power, be good. “How much trouble he avoids who does not look to see what his neighbour says or does or thinks, but only to what he does himself, that it may be just and pure; or as Agathon says, look not round at the depraved morals of others, but run straight along the line without deviating from it.        http://www.roman-emperors.org/marcaur.htm .                                               THE LATE EMPIREWhat happened in Rome during the 3rd century A.D., when the period of Late Empire started? ** * * Basilicaof Maxentius and Constantine  – a new architectural form.What was its function? – *How many sections or aisles was it divided into?  – *What was the name of a central aisle? –  *               What was the historical role basilica’s plan played in the history of art?  * FORUM    – * Head of Constantine the GreatProvide some information on Constantine and his impact on Christianity. *What changes in art does it illustrate?   *                    ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS                   Very important – will be asked on the test Those terms define the basic elements that would be used in European architecture for centuries to come.  If you are going to print this guide – you could make simple (very simple) drawings in order to remember them – this a great study technique. You can look the terms up on the Internet. POST & LINTEL construction –      ARCH –   VAULT –  BARREL VAULT –     GROIN VAULT –  DOME –  The guide is done.  Did it feel like a long one? Yet, this was just a glimpse on the one of the most astounding periods in the history of humanity. Now let us move on to the next guide and observe a dramatic turn made by Her Majesty History after the Roman Empire declines.                                                                      Colosseum, Rome. 19th century painting.

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G5-2 Greece Part 2Answers 1Bids 1Other questions 10

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GUIDE 6-2                                                                           Unit 2                                                            ANCIENT GREECE – part IIClassical Art Hellenistic Art                                   Reconstruction of Parthenon    (From the German encyclopedia, 1891)  “In the land of Hellas, a small city-state dedicated to Athena, goddess of wisdom, saw the birth of a new spirit – a spirit destined to quicken the human heart and mind then, now, and for ages to come.  Here in Athens for a brief span of time were concentrated the creative energies of many geniuses.”   –  W. Fleming                         CLASSICAL PERIOD           in the HISTORY of ANCIENT GREECE                            5t – 4th centuries B.C.                Classical Period is divided into three phases:    Early Classical    High Classical  5th century B.C.   (1st half) 5th century B.C.   (2nd half)    Late Classical       4th century B.C. Historical Landmarks:480 B.C. Greek victory over the Persians at Salamis;Greece entered an era of prosperity and flourishing culture;Pericles rules Athens;Parthenon built                       EARLY CLASSICAL ART    TIMELINE                              5 th century B.C.        4th century B.C.   Early Classical     High Classical      Late Classical       /                                                      /                                                     /                                                               /                    500 bc                                         450 bc                                           400 bc                                               300 bc     Start reading text.The change from Archaic to Classical art was related to what historical event?   – *…    Golden Age of Greece   – *             [In what way did the victory affect life and mood of the Greeks?] *…   – a new political and cultural center    [city] Severe Style – * …       [What does this term denote?]   Sculpture­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­                                                                              Early Classical Major developments in Early Classical sculpture:  *…*…      Diskobolus   Sculptor:  * …Material: *…          Note that this is not original work.Original or copy? – *               /Where copy made?/Material of original was *…Size:  (find info next to the picture)    They say Greek Classical art  is about harmony and balance. Balance between what? – *           HIGH CLASSICAL ART                  5thcentury B.C.(second half)Note:  In your book High Classical is called simply Classical                                               Golden Age of Greece                                                  The culture of ancient Greece reached its peak in the 5th century B.C.     TIMELINE                              5 th century B.C.        4th century B.C.   Early Classical     High Classical      Late Classical       /                                                       /                                                     /                                                              /   500 bc                                             450 bc                                           400 bc                                               300 bc                  * …. –  outstanding Athenian statesman who was the ‘dominating force            behind the great accomplishments  “The Golden Age is the term used to denote the historical period in Ancient Greece lasting roughly from the end of the Persian Wars in 448 BC to either the death of Pericles 429 BC or the end of the Peloponnesian War BC.  Pericles – an Athenian general, politician and orator – distinguished himself above the other shining personalities of the era, men who excelled in politics, philosophy, architecture, sculpture, history and literature.  He fostered arts and literature and gave to Athens a splendor which would never return throughout its history. He executed a large number of public works projects and improved the life of the citizens. Hence, this important figure gave his name to the Athenian Golden Age.”   – Wikipedia  (link)        Architecture                                                   High Classical period  *….   –  the temple that is consideredthe” most influential building in the history of architecture”Acropolis  –   a city on the hill (on the edge)   [general term]Acropolis (of Athens) – * …    [click to read more]When did the building campaign start?  –  *Under whose direction? –  *In what city? – *Dedicated to which goddess?  – *Architects:  *                               *What architectural order was used in Parthenon construction?  – *What statue was placed inside, in the cella?  –  *            How big was it?  – * Interestingly, most of the temple’slines are not strictly vertical or horizontal. A number of architectural tricks were applied in this temple to achieve the unique optical/perceptual impression of harmony and monumentality. Read about the irregularities in construction – they were clearly done by precise calculations.  §  Stylobate & entablature – *                 [in what way are they curved?]§  Columns – *                 [Are they vertical? How are they spaced?§  Entasis  – ­….   [click on the term-link to read more about ‘bulging’ of column]                             §  What were possible reasons for these variations? – * The subsequent history of the Parthenon The temple had quite an amazing historical fate.            In the 6th century C.E.   –  *….                Later… -*….                What happened in the 17th century? – *…. Phidias Showing the Frieze of the Parthenon to his Friendsby Alma-Tadema (19th century artist).Among the spectators – Pericles (the bearded man facing Phidias) This artist belonged to the Academic movement that was dedicated to the historically true reconstruction of the subject and period.  So, you can get a pretty good idea how the Romans were dressed and looked. Sculpture                                                              High Classical periodWho was commissioned to oversee the sculptural program? – … This is how a pediment might look before the blasts.  Observe the right corner to notice the sculptural group “Three Goddesses” Three Goddesses Date: … Take a close look at these elegant figures made in Phidian style      Phidian style characteristics:[what was typical for his artistic manner?]   –  The bodies are *   –  Their poses and gestures  *   –  The draperies  *     [how they look] Special effect the thinner drapery produce:   It “clings to the body as if it were*…     Be an art expert When you see this type of the elegant folds,clinging to the body in a special wet like way,gently enveloping the figure…- you can always say that this sculpture was carved in the high or late classical,or in the next Hellenistic period.  What happened with these Goddesses and some other sculptures from Parthenon?How did they end in the British museum in London?   Lord Elgin & Elgin Marbles  Who was Lord Elgin?  –  ….What was his role in the Partheon’s story?  -….When id he take the marbles to London?  – …  Where the Parthenon marbles are now? – *…..             About half of them were taken to Britain Doryphoros  or “….. “  [English name] Sculptor:…Dates:….                      Century: ….                               [Do not forget to put B.C.] Idealized figure – *….[What does it mean ?]   Elements of Polykleitos style: Canon of proportion, example:             “The entire body is equal in height *….. “ One of the rules, developed by Polykleitos tocreate the perfect representation of human body;You may want to take a ruler and double check it. *… principle – one of the most significant elements                      of   Polykleitos style.    [name and describe the pose, use words      counterbalance &  naturalism] I would like to remind – To make your outlines better structured delete all my directions and prompting questions.  Note: ideal + perfect + idealized + balanced + harmony = key terms in   Classical art vocabulary VASE PAINTING                                                                      High Classical periodThis is such an enjoyable subject to study.  Read this section and make a few notes. Argonaut Krater by Niobid PainterTechnique:  *             Remember the black-figure and red-figure techniques of the Archaic period ?  Looking at this vase, tell me again which technique was the latest one to emerge?   *     [Easy, yet this will help you to remember…] What is new in this case compared to the vases from Archaic period? Composition –  *…[useterms register and frieze; take time to go back andcompare]Three-dimensionalspaceperception – *     [how achieved?]Realism (attempt) – *…..                  Notice that the painted decoration of the vases is the only example of Greek art of painting. * ….. painting     [What was the other type of painting that did not survive?]  What is our main source to learn what Greek painting might have look like? – *                         Roman fresco: Aldobrandini Wedding (1st century BC.) Vatican Museum LATE CLASSICAL ART                  *…century B.C.                                                                             [Indicate century]       TIMELINE                              5 thcentury B.C.        4th century B.C.   Early Classical     High Classical      Late Classical       /                                                       /                                                     /                                                              /   500 bc                                             450 bc                                           400 bc                                               300 bc     Late Classical versus High Classical art – *           [What is new?] Polykleitan ideal of the male figure – *…            [key features of High Classical style]Praxiteles ideal – *…                     [key features of Late Classical style]  Title: ….Sculptor: …Date:  c. …   B.C         /Century: … B.C. /   Describe statue and sculptors’ skills in carving marble   [compare to Doryphoros from the previous High Classical period]*…….*…….*……. *   – messenger-god       [Who is who?]*   – god of wine and abundance of nature       depicted as an infant         Late Classical sculptors used the exaggerated double weight-shift, which resulted in a specific stance called *…..              [Make sure you understand and remember the term]  Be an art expert If you draw the line through Hermes body along the spine and legs you will get exactly this type of curve.   If you see the statue with S-curve stance you can be certain that it was not done in the Late Classical period or later, not before.  Here we have a professional art history talk. Note: this statue is considered to be the only undisputed original Greek marble sculpture from the Classical period.                                                                Title: *… …Sculptor: …Date: ….     /Century: ……/ Nude mail athlete – a typical Classical subject. Original or Roman Copy? – Material of this copy: …Material of original: ….  What were Lysippos’ innovations?*…….. *……. Compare to Polycleitus’ Spear Bearer.  You can even measure Apoxyomenos’ proportions – the size of his head with a ruler and make sure that the head is smaller and the whole figure more slender. ‘Lysippos’ reputation was almost unsurpassed’ in the ancient world.Story about related to Alexander the Great:*Story about the Emperor Tiberius told bythe Roman historian Pliny:*….                              HELLENISTIC PERIOD in History of Greece                                                                                                                               Spanned last 300 years of theB.C. era                                                                TIMELINE                               5 thcentury B.C.        4th century B.C.              3rd – 1st centuries B.C.    Early Classical     High Classical      Late Classical                   Hellenistic   /                                            /                                           /                                             /                             /                            /                      / 500 bc                           450 bc                                 400 bc                                   300 bc                     200 bc                   100 bc                0      Hellenistic period started under the reign of  *      ,  who conquered Persia, Egypt, and The Near East, created the huge empire, and spread the Greek / Hellenistic culture all over it. Characteristics of Hellenistic art:  *……*……                           Depicts a fallen barbarian warrior who  “…has lost his battle and is now about loosing his life”Title:*……Sculptor:* …Original or Roman copy? -[delete the wrong part]Material of original:….Material of copy:….               Compare it to the Fallen Warrior , from Archaic period  and tell me which one depicts more realistically human appearances and emotions –   * …..   Characteristics:                     Masterful realistic renditionPreoccupation with *…Key words to describe Hellenistic art:      [scattered through the text, pick main ones] *……*……*……                                                                               Title:*…             (Roman name, better known)        *…..      (Greek name) Melos – name of island where found 2nd century B.C. Museum: *…    [where now]    This statue can serve as an example of anothertrend in Hellenistic art  “that reflected ……(complete phrase to describe this stylistic trend)  Venus de Milo – presents a continuation of classical tradition in Hellenistic art.       This work wasremoved from the latest editionof your book. Yet, it is so famous that I want you to know it. It is also a very good example ofHellenistic art. Observethe styles’ characteristics  one more time:dramaand theater quality,heightened realism,excessive emotions, pathos, etc.Laocoön and his sons  1st century B.C. Marble/copy after an Hellenistic original/ Legend:   Visit Wikipedia to read a story aboutthe priest who alarmed his people aboutthe deception of the Trojan horse … Put it here in a few lines (remove image)   In 1506 – almost 1600 years after it had been carved –  the sculptural group was unearthed  in Rome  It was a sensational discovery that greatly influenced the Renaissance masters – for example,  Michelangelo.       If you go to the art  museum in Richmond (VMFA) for yourmidterm project, find this painting by French artist  H. Robert. It was done in the 18th century – in the Neo-Classical period, that was characterized by a great admiration for the Greek antiquities.   Chronological problem:  Which sculpture – Laocoon or Venus – was made first?*…….  ================================================================== * …..  B.C.  – Year the Romans sacked a Greek city of Corinth, on the Peloponnesus. This date officially marked the end of the Greek power but not the end of its culture and art.  They say that the conqueror was captivated by the fallen enemy.   Greece was assimilated by the powerful Roman Empire and became its colony.Greek art has continued to exist and nourish the Roman and other cultures, up to the present days.  I would like to ask you to go back to the first page of this Chapter – in the very first paragraph you will find this saying:  “Nothing moves in the world which is not …“[Complete the quote]                                                                                   Now, after studying the Greek culture during almost 1000 years of its existence, read the first paragraph about enduring Greek influence on the European civilization. Remember three revivals of Greek culture during the following 3,000 years.“During the 15th century there was a revival called * “On the eve of the French Revolution of 1789 there was another one called –  * Tell how Greek architectural styles were used in America.       *Tomorrow, when you walk through your town, look around. You will be amazed to see that you are surrounded by the “Greek temples.”  Observe the columns. Being as knowledgeable as you are now, you should be able to identify the order.  It is fun and also – a pleasure and satisfaction of “knowing.”It is amazing how far-reaching has been the influence of Greek culture, isn’t it?                                              *  *  *BTW, the answer to the “Laocoon versus Venus” question is:  Venus was made first in the 2nd century B.C. -while Laocoon was made about 100 years later (in the 1st century B.C.).  Draw a quick timeline, if you need to visualize this issue.        Take Greek Quiz 4 – it covers the entire Greek section (both Greek guides)                                                         *   *    *                                                GREEK TIME-LINE   * Geometric                 *                                                                    !                          !       Golden Age         !                                           !    ________________________________________________________________900          800          700         600             500            400        300         200      100    O While reviewing the guides, it will be helpful to fill in this table. To have the guides printed would be better but you can also get back to the beginning and scroll down – to review these intense guides. Use the timelines I provided in various parts of the guides to sum up all the dates in one small table. Period in the History of Greek Art  Century/Centuries        Geometric          Archaic          Classical Early Classical 5th century  (1st half)High Classical 5th century  (2nd half)Late Classical         Hellenistic   Place the periods on the Timeline – type in the names of the periods above the colored areas.

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G4-2-Aegean ArtAnswers 1Bids 1Other questions 10

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GUIDE 5                                                                                        Unit 1                                                                                                                                                  AEGEAN ARTo   The Cycladeso   Creteo   MycenaeSee metaphor of Teacher as Ariadne (end)                                               The palace at Knossos – one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world.                       It was here that King Minos supposedly had his labyrinth.                                                                                                           THE AEGEAN WORLD        These three civilizations are unified under one name – Aegean civilizations.                  The Cyclades                                2500 – 2000 B.C.     Crete / Minoan culture               2000 – 1200 B.C.       Mycenae                                       1400 – 1200 B.C.                    All we know about these civilizations – we know from archaeological excavations.                      None of the Aegean civilizations left any literary sources but only myths. Geography and development of civilizations  Compare three great ancient cultures.  (In one line)            Egypt -*               Mesopotamia -*               Aegean -*    When & how was the Aegean world discovered? –  *     What were the contributions of these outstanding men into the history of archaeology?Heinrich Schliemann -*        Arthur Evans –*    In your book you have this expression: “The Bronze Age civilizations of pre-Hellenic Greece…”What could it mean? Pre-Hellenic -*      [explain the term]Bronze Age – *     Please note that all three Aegean civilizations laid the foundation for Greece [Hellenic Greece].  All together they made the beginning of the Greek civilization.   Unfortunately, in the book Aegean and Greek sections are placed in two different chapters, and I also had to “cut” Greece – between two units.                 Just for you to know – we are already in ancient Greece!  ===================== The Cyclades=====================                                                       *       [dates, peak of flourishing]                                                                                           [Pronunciation:  SEE’-kla-DEEZ’]Where are the Cycladic islands located?    [Find on the map, do not just rewrite from the text]In which sea –   *  Close to which coast?  –  *  Name the major ones – *  Where has most of survived art culled from *   *                          [What is the general name for this type of marble figurines?]    What do they represent?  –  *     (based on your book suggestions)Head -*                [Describe their appearance]Torso(body) – *          The Cycladic Idol from the VMFA in Richmond. You may be able to see it when you go on your museum trip.  As a matter of fact, some scholars disagree with the theory of “fertility goddess”. Can you see that in the Cycladic idol all sexual features are downplayed as opposed to the Palaeolithic Venuses (remember Venus of Willendorf?).  The Cycladic figures look very ‘girlish’.  Besides, all of them were found in the graves. All we can guess is that they, being linked with burial rituals, most likely had a religious function. Male figures of musicians are also mentioned in your textbook. Here is one of them…     Seated harp player ca. 2800–2700 B.C.  Marble; H. with harp 11 1/2 in. Image credit: Metropolitan museum     ==============Crete /  Minoan Civilization==============         Dates:  *            [Take dates from above]                                                                                     On what island did the Minoan civilization emerge? – *  Why the Cretan culture is called Minoan? –  *  This is where the word labyrinth came from as well (supposedly).        Labyrinth –*   [the modern-day meaning]   I am going to tell you the myth of the Minotaur in more detail that it is told in your book.  Not only because it is a fascinating story but also to show you how popular the myths were as a source of inspiration for many – from the ancient vase-painters to Picasso.     Image credit: altreligion.about.com  This is how it happened and why the Aegean sea received its name “Aegean”… The Minotaur was a monster, half bull, half human, the offspring of Minos’ wife and a wonderfully beautiful bull.  Poseidon (God of Sea) had given this bull to Minos in order that he should sacrifice it to him, but Minos could not bear to slay it and had kept it for himself. To punish him, Poseidon had made Pasiphae fall madly in love with it. When the Minotaur was born Minos did not kill him. He ordered to build the Labyrinth, famous throughout the world. Once inside, one would go endlessly along its twisting paths without ever finding the exit.  To this place the young Athenians were each year taken and left to the Minotaur. There was no possible way to escape.  In whatever direction they ran they might be running straight to the monster; if they stood still he might at any moment emerge from the maze. Such was a doom that awaited fourteen Athenian youths and maidens.           Pablo Picasso. Minotaur Caressing the Hand of a Sleeping Girl (1933). © 2007 Estate of Pablo Picasso                       At once Theseus came forward and offered to be one of the victims.  He told his father that if he succeeded, he would change the black sail (that this ship carried because of its cargo of misery) to a white one, so that Aegeus could know long before the ship came to land that his son was safe.Park Sculpture; Image credit: altreligion.about.com When the young victims arrived in Crete …Minos daughter Ariadne was among the spectators and she fell in love with Theseus at first sight as he marched past her.   She told Theseus that she would bring about his escape if he would promise to take her back to Athens and marry her.  As may be imagined, he made no difficulty about that, and she gave him a ball of thread, which he was to fasten at the door.  This he did and, certain that he could retrace his steps whenever he choose; he walked boldly into a maze looking for the Minotaur. He came upon him asleep and fell upon him, pinning him to the ground; and with his fists – he had no other weapon – he battered the monster to death…   All stories agree that when they drew near to Athens he forgot to hoist the white sail (Ah children-children!…). The black sail was seen by his father, King Aegeus, from the Acropolis, where for days he had watched the sea with straining eyes.  It was for him the sign of his son’s death and he threw himself down from a rocky height into the sea, and was killed.  The sea into which he fell was called the Aegean ever after.  (Short version from Edith Hamilton’s book “Timeless Tales on Gods and Heroes”)                  Gabriel Rossetti, 19th century. Image credit:altreligion.about.com So, you have just learned from this myth a few names and facts. I hope this will help you to remember them. Please sum up here “Who is who”            King Minos -*                Minotaur – *               Labyrinth -*               Aegeus -*                               Now let us get back to the book. There were3 periodsin the history ofMinoancivilization:            1. *            2. *            3. *We will be studying the last two – Middle Minoan & Late Minoan periods. The Middle Minoan Period or the period of the “… “                      or   *       [second name for this period]What was the major art form in architecture? (… tomb, pyramid or shrine, palace)              *  What did you learn about development of a new form of writing? –  *   Which one was an early form of Greek?  – *    Toreador Frescofrom the palace at Knossos.                                                Middle Minoan, c. 1500.                                 Although the work is referred to as the Toreador Fresco, it is pretty much agreed that it is not at all a bullfight but something more along the lines of a bull dance.   Unfortunately, the picture of this remarkable wall painting was taken out from the last edition.   Yet, I want you to know this world famous work of art. “ … a trio of acrobats performs daring feats.   Why are they doing it? Perhaps the dance is part of a ceremony of religious ritual, particularly because the bull was commonly worshiped in ancient Crete?………Are these the children who might have been “devoured” by the beast?  Was the notorious labyrinth of Greek myths actually the palace of Knossos, with its maze like floor plan?”                      ~  “Understanding Art”, Rathus-Fichner, 7th edition, p. 279  Palace at Knossos   – Give the most spectacular characteristics of the palace.     One of theses features gave birth to the myth of Labyrinth.   [Try to keep one characteristic – one line]*      *     *   Date: *Columns –*        [Anything unusual about their form?]   Terms  Magazine –*    Rosette–*   By the way, in Russia the stores and shops are called “magazines.”  I guess, this term came to Russian language from Greek along with many other words.   Here is one more room in the palace at Knossos.  This particular fresco ismentioned in your book but there is no picture.  I thought it would be nice if you could see how it looks.   “… delicately painted dolphins swim across the surface of the wall, giving one impression of looking into a vast aquarium.”          Many years ago, when I was travelling around the Mediterranean Sea, I visited the fish market abundant with of all kinds of sea creatures.  But it was a lovely little octopus that attracted my attention. The octopus’ tentacles formed a design that looked strikingly familiar. Looking at it I thought: “Wait …It looks like a popular motif in Minoan art…”         Please take a look at the mural above (wall painting).Do you see the design on the left side of the horizontal frieze?Don’t you think my theory is plausible?   When the art historians talk about the marine life, being a source of artistic inspiration for the Minoans, they mean, in the first place, the numerous renditions of the fish, dolphins and other sea animals. Yet, it was exciting to discover on my own the probable origin of the abstract design.   I was thinking about some anonymous artist living long-long time ago and how one day he noticed the gracious rhythm of the octopus’ tentacles, and how he must be excited to put it in paint as a decorative pattern. Or could it be just my imagination? In any case, the octopus did fascinate the imagination of ancient Minoans.  Take a look at this vase…  Palace-Style Pithos (Storage Jar) with Octopus Design Late Minoan Period II (ca. 1450 B.C.) From the Palace of Minos at Knossos, Crete Baked clay; H. 74.5 cm; 1911.608©The Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology/Oxford, UK   Well, I hope my story gave you an excuse to take a closer look at some decorative designs of Minoan art.    =====================Mycenae====================                                    Dates:*       [Indicate the peak of Mycenaean supremacy]                                                                                                         Heinrich Schliemann, a German archaeologist, in the end of the 19th century made a sensational discovery of Troy and Mycenae.                                                When did the Mycenaeans come to the Greek mainland?  –  * What language did they speak?  – *What arts were they versatile in? – *   How long was the peak of their supremacy last? –  *   [dates?]How did it end? –  *   In what way the Mycenaeans had been related to the beginning of the Greek people? – *      Why is the Mycenaean architecture presented mostly by the fortifications? *E.g., the citadels in the major cities of *_  and *­­­___             [Find them on map in your book]    The citadels (fortresses) were strictly functional. Still they say about the Mycenaeans  that “they had not lost their aesthetic sense.” Explain how you understand this statement.*    *..…    [name]Describe this construction*   Use and explain the terms:lintel –  *   pillars –  *  beveled(stone)  –  *    Tholos or *     [write down the second name of this type of tomb].Shaft-grave – * [what could you tell about this type of tomb?]           Which type came to be used first? – * *­__    [name] *    [Why such a name?] Dromos – *    Tholos – *                 Pay attention at domed ceiling and how it was made [Describe]. *               In the picture you see a different tholos. Yet the principle of construction is the same.                                                                                                    Image credit: AICT            What was the Homer’s favourite epithet for Mycenae?  –  “ *      ”Why so?  –   *    Funeral Golden Mask  from the tomb at*        *___  [date]          What was a technique of producing such masks? –  *    What was the end of the Mycenaean civilization? –  *   What does the last phrase in your book state? –  *    Now, please check yourself whether you have put correctly the dates at the beginning of this guide.                  The Cyclades                             2500 – 2000 B.C.     Crete / Minoan culture            2000 – 1400 B.C.       Mycenae                                    1400 – 1200 B.C.                                                      Take one more last look at the map.  Find the sites of all three civilizations.

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