Develop A Research Proposal Evaluating The Impact Of Leadership And Culture On The Sustainable Development Of The 21st Century Organizations.

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How to write a good postgraduate research proposal

General Rules

Contents:

 Be clear, objective and realistic in your objectives

 Ask yourself why this research is important

 State and justify your objectives clearly

 Make sure you answer the questions: how will the research benefit the wider society

or contribute to the research community?

Styles:

 Provide a ‘catchy’ title

 Structure your text

 Present the information in short paragraphs rather than a solid block of text

 Write short sentences

 If allowed, provide images/charts/diagrams which may help break up the text

Structure for a Research Proposal

1. Title

2. Abstract (summary of the proposed researched 100-200 words)

3. Introduction (background information/brief summary of existing literature)

4. Hypothesis and main objectives

5. Methodology, research design, participants, procedure, material, analysis

6. Summary and conclusion

7. References

8. Appendices

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Writing the Proposal

Important Components

Title:

Well-presented and clearly written proposals are more likely to stick in people’s mind. Avoid

long and convoluted titles. You will get an opportunity to give more detail in your

introduction

Plagiarism:

Make sure that you acknowledge the authors of ALL publications you use to write your

proposal. Failure to do so will be considered as plagiarism. Do not copy word to word what

an author has said. It is best to analyse and re-write all borrowed information in your own

words. If you absolutely have to quote an author, and then make sure that you use quotations

marks.

Abstract:

An abstract is a brief summary written in the same style as the rest of our proposal. It will

provide your reader with the main points and conclusions of your proposal.

Introduction and Literature Review:

A well-written introduction is the most efficient way to ‘hook’ your reader and set the context

of your proposed research. Get the reader’s attention early on and do no waste space with

obvious and general statements. The introduction is your opportunity to demonstrate that

your research has not been done before and that the proposed project will really add

something new to the existing body of literature. Your proposal does not have to

extraordinary, but it has to be based on sound hypotheses and reasoning.

You will have to provide background information in the form of a literature review which

helps you set the context for your research, to help the reader understand the questions and

objectives. You will also be expected to show that you have a good knowledge of the body of

literature, the wider context in which your research belongs and that you have awareness of

methodologies, theories and conflicting evidence in your chosen field.

Choose key research papers or public documents and explain clearly how your research will

either fill a gap, complete or follow on from previous research even if it is a relatively new

field.

Methodology:

The methodology identifies the data collection and analytical techniques that you intend to

use. You should propose a quantitative study.

 

 

 

 

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For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:

 Study design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of

design do you choose (descriptive, cross-sectional, case-control)?

 Selection of research location

 Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study? What kind of sampling

method / procedure do you use? You will need to decide on the inclusion and

exclusion criteria

 Sample size – you need to calculate your sample size based on the type of study you

are conducting. There are several formulas for sample size calculation.

 Study instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you

use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?

 Data collection – How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are

involved? How long does it take?

 Data analysis and interpretation – this includes plans for processing and coding data,

computer software to be used (eg Statistical Package for Social Sciences / SPSS, EPI-

INFO, etc), choice of statistical methods, significance levels etc.

 Ethical considerations – It is necessary to identify any ethical components especially

if you are using invasive procedures for human subjects. For instance:

o Consent forms (which state overall purpose and any risks or benefits of

participating).

o Potential risks that could be involved in any questioning (emotional distress,

dignity).

o Confidentiality of participants (anonymity).

o Feedback of results to participants.

 

Important Note:

o Make sure the research design or approach is appropriate for the stated

objectives

o Do not assume the reviewers are familiar with techniques to be used in your

study

o Provide a brief description of the study location, study design and flow of

activities

Summary and Conclusions:

Present an indication on how you envisage your research will contribute to debates and

discussions in your particular subject area. Will it make an original contribution? How might

it fill gaps in existing work or extend understanding of particular topics? Which are the

expected results? Summarize the research proposal’s main points.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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For more information, please see the links below:

http://www.studygs.net/proposal.htm

http://www.psych.uncc.edu/pagoolka/writingAPA.pdf

 

http://www.studygs.net/proposal.htm
http://www.psych.uncc.edu/pagoolka/writingAPA.pdf

Psychoanalysis And Psychodynamic Theory

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The Future of Freud

Please! No Plagiarized Assignment

Freudian theory continued to evolve even as Neo-Freudian theories continued to emerge. Today, Freudian ideas still provide a foundation for modern psychology and research though some appear in a significantly different form. In this assignment, you will address how modern research and empirical study may validate Freudian theory and how Freudian theory continues to influence modern psychology. You will also explore how Freudian and Neo-Freudian theories address the general problems explored in the field of psychology.

General Requirements:
Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:

· This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

· Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments.

· Refer to Chapters 2-4 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) for specific guidelines related to doctoral level writing. These chapters contain essential information on manuscript structure and content, clear and concise writing, and academic grammar and usage.

· This assignment requires that at least two additional scholarly research sources related to this topic, and at least one in-text citation from each source be included.

· You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

Directions:

Write a paper (1,500-1,750 words) in which you address how modern research and empirical study may validate Freudian theory and how Freudian theory continues to influence modern psychology. Include the following in your paper:

1. A discussion of how medical monitoring and empirical research have supported Freud’s drive theory.

2. A discussion of why psychoanalysis is still questioned in scientific circles.

3. A discussion of the general problems explored in the field of psychology.

4. A discussion of how Freudian and Neo-Freudian theories attempt to address these problems.

5. A discussion of what still needs to be explored in the field of psychology in order to more adequately address these problems.

What data sources would best answer the research questions?

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The research team met again to consider data sources. A research consultant facilitated the discussion and identified issues to be addressed in order for the results to be credible. Three key areas needed further study before they went into the field. These areas included:

1. How is the program positioned in the community, particularly regarding trust, diversity, and access? (Or as one team member said, “How do we see ‘them’? And, how do we think they ‘see’ us?”)

This issue initiated an action plan for an organizational self-study to produce reflexive data before, during, and after field data collection.

2. What data sources would best answer the research questions?

Multiple sources, including families who had used program services as well as those that did not; field observations (going out into neighborhoods to become acquainted with local, non-professional resources); and the materials collected from the self-study. 

3. How many participants should be included in the sample?
The consultant clarified that the purpose of the sample was not to generalize to the target population—so bigger is not better. Rather, the team was encouraged to focus on selecting typical cases—homogenous, sub-groups—in order to efficiently saturate and develop a “solid understanding” (Guest, Bunce & Johnson, 2006, p. 77) of the phenomenon of the childcare experience in this community. The saturation goal means that the sample process is emergent and may change as the data become available. 

As you can see in the ongoing scenario, before venturing out into the field, researchers must consider how they will manage credibility of the data. As a qualitative researcher, you too will have to address the sources of data as well as your credibility.

For this week, you will examine research questions, explore qualitative research design, and consider purposeful sampling and saturation as a qualitative researcher.

The answer lies in how clearly you articulate the criteria for selecting data sources; (b) your ability to purposefully select cases; and (c) the extent to which those cases are “information-rich… for in-depth study” (Patton, 2015, p. 264) with respect to the purpose of the study.

As you prepare for this week’s Discussion, consider turning your attention to the variety of purposeful sampling strategies you may consider in developing your research plan. Also consider that qualitative researchers seek a threshold or cut-off point for when to stop collecting data. There is no magic number (although there are guidelines). Rather, saturation occurs as an interface between the researcher and the data and (b) between data collection and data analysis to determine when enough is enough.

For this Discussion, you will critique a sampling strategy used in a research article.

To prepare for this Discussion:

· Review the Guest, Bunce, and Johnson article; the Yob and Brewer article; and the Learning Resources related to sampling and saturation for this week.

By Day 3

Prepare a critique of the sampling strategy used by Yob and Brewer (n.d.). Include the following your critique:

· The purpose of the study

· Research questions

· Site selection

· The type of purposeful sampling strategy the researchers applied. (Note: Use Table 4.3 in the Ravitch & Carl text or from Patton’s Chapter 5 to identify and describe the strategy that you think best fits what they described.)

· An alternative sampling strategy that the researchers could have considered. Explain your choice in terms of how the strategy is consistent with their research purpose and criteria for selecting cases.

· Provide a data saturation definition and evaluate the work of the researchers in this article regarding their efforts to achieve data saturation. Note what the researchers could have done differently to convince you that the relevant and important themes emerged.

Be sure to support your main post and response post with reference to the week’s Learning Resources and other scholarly evidence in APA style.

Ravitch, S. M., & Carl, N. M. (2016). Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

· Chapter 4, “Design and Reflexivity in Data Collection” (pp. 111–144)

o Table 4.3, “Purposeful Sampling Strategies” (pp. 129–137)

Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2012). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

· Chapter 3, “Qualitative Data-Gathering Methods and Style” (previously read in Week 3)

Patton, M. Q. (2015). Chapter 5, Module 30: Purposeful sampling and case selection: Overview of strategies and options. In Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th ed., pp. 264–315). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Ravitch, S. M., & Carl, N. M. (2016). Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

· Chapter 4, “Design and Reflexivity in Data Collection” (pp. 111–144)

o Table 4.3, “Purposeful Sampling Strategies” (pp. 129–137)

Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2012). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

· Chapter 3, “Qualitative Data-Gathering Methods and Style” (previously read in Week 3)

Patton, M. Q. (2015). Chapter 5, Module 30: Purposeful sampling and case selection: Overview of strategies and options. In Qualitative research and evaluation methods (4th ed., pp. 264–315). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Guest, G., Bunce, A., and Johnson, L. (2006). How many Interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods 18(1), 59–82.

Discussion: Purposeful Sampling And Saturation

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What is a good sample in qualitative research? It is NOT about size or generalizability.

The answer lies in how clearly you articulate the criteria for selecting data sources; (b) your ability to purposefully select cases; and (c) the extent to which those cases are “information-rich… for in-depth study” (Patton, 2015, p. 264) with respect to the purpose of the study.

As you prepare for this week’s Discussion, consider turning your attention to the variety of purposeful sampling strategies you may consider in developing your research plan. Also consider that qualitative researchers seek a threshold or cut-off point for when to stop collecting data. There is no magic number (although there are guidelines). Rather, saturation occurs as an interface between the researcher and the data and (b) between data collection and data analysis to determine when enough is enough.

For this Discussion, you will critique a sampling strategy used in a research article.

To prepare for this Discussion:

  • Review the Yob and Brewer article (attached)

POST:

 

Prepare a critique of the sampling strategy used by Yob and Brewer (n.d.). Include the following your critique:

1. Purpose of the Yob and Brewer Study: the purpose of the study

2. Research Questions Used by Yob and Brewer (if they are not included please infer and create RQs):

3. Site Selection (where the study took place)Site selection

4. Type of Sampling Yob and Brewer Used: The type of purposeful sampling strategy the researchers applied. (Note: Use Table 4.3 in the Ravitch & Carl text or from Patton’s Chapter 5 to identify and describe the strategy that you think best fits what they described.)

5. An Alternative Sampling Strategy Yob and Brewer Could Have Used: An alternative sampling strategy that the researchers could have considered. Explain your choice in terms of how the strategy is consistent with their research purpose and criteria for selecting cases.

6. Data Saturation Definition (below, I gave it to you above. You can use it.) Provide a data saturation definition and evaluate the work of the researchers in this article regarding their efforts to achieve data saturation. Note what the researchers could have done differently to convince you that the relevant and important themes emerged.

ATTENTION: Please note that data saturation and thematic saturation are completely different. One or more of your authors use the terms interchangeably. They are not the same. Data saturation: this is when no additional data will produce any new information. Data saturation occurs at around 6 participants in the majority of studies. Some studies that require a diverse sample may need a slightly larger sample. An example would be that after 6 interviews you kept hearing the same responses to questions. You have achieved data saturation. Data saturation occurs during interviews. Thematic saturation: this is when no additional data will produce any new themes. Thematic saturation occurs at around 12 participants. Some studies that require a diverse sample may require more participants for this to occur. An example would be that as you analyzed your data you found that no new themes emerged. Thematic saturation occurs at the analysis stage.