Introduction to Psychology and Role of Biology

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Topic 1 – Introduction to Psychology and Role of Biology

Mini Brain Project

Directions: Conduct research on a selected brain area or structure. Areas and structures available for research include frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, medulla, pons, cerebellum, reticular formation, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebrum, hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum, Broca’s area, OR Wernicke’s area.

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Conduct research using scholarly Internet sources, library sources, and the textbook.

Here’s the link for the textbook : https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/ww-norton/2019/psychology-in-your-life_3e.php

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. Each question should be a minimum of 50 words. 

Part 1: Using your research thoroughly answer the questions below:

Where is the area or structure located?

What are its major functions?

What techniques are used to view or measure it?

What happens when it is damaged?

What other structures is it near?

What other structures help or perform similar functions?

References:

Add yourself to a Student SetRequest SupportHelp Change Your EmailChange passwordSign out Add bookmarkRead aloud (text-to-speech)Print this section Skip to page text Close Book Menu Open Table of Contents Panel Open Search Panel Open Bookmarks Panel Open Notes Panel Copyright 2016 W.W. Norton and Co. Table of contents Check off the sections of the book to read offline on your current device, then click “Apply.” To learn more about offline reading, visit the Help Notes.

  1. Front Matter
    1. Cover
    2. Half Titlei
    3. Titleii
    4. Copyrightiv
    5. Dedicationv
    6. Meet the Authorsvi
    7. Contents in Briefvii
    8. Mission of Psychology in Your Lifeviii
    9. Introducing the Third Editionxvi
    10. Appreciation for Contributors and Reviewersxvii
    11. Contentsxxi
  2. Chapter 1: Introducing the World of Psychology
    1. Why Is Psychology Important to You?5
      1. 1.1 Psychology Explains Your Mental Activity and Behavior6
      2. 1.2 Psychology Teaches You to Think Critically7
      3. 1.3 Psychology Improves Your Life11
    2. What Do Psychologists Investigate?12
      1. 1.4 Psychology Originated in Philosophical Questions13
      2. 1.5 Psychologists Investigate the Conscious Mind and the Unconscious Mind15
      3. 1.6 Psychologists Explore Behavior and Mental Activity18
      4. 1.7 Psychologists Today Investigate Many Different Topics20
    3. How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?22
      1. 1.8 Psychologists Use the Scientific Method23
      2. 1.9 Descriptive Methods Describe What Is Happening28
      3. 1.10 Correlational Methods Study Relationships31
      4. 1.11 Experimental Methods Test Causation33
      5. 1.12 Psychologists Today Follow Strict Ethical Guidelines38
    4. Big Picture39
    5. Putting Psychology to Work: What Can You Do with a Degree in Psychology?42
  3. Chapter 2: The Role of Biology in Psychology44
    1. How Does Your Nervous System Affect You?46
      1. 2.1 Your Nervous System Is the Basis of Your Mental Activity and Behavior47
      2. 2.2 Neurons Communicate with Each Other in Your Nervous System50
      3. 2.3 Neurotransmitters Influence Your Mental Activity and Behavior55
    2. How Do the Parts of Your Brain Function?58
      1. 2.4 Understanding of the Brain Has Developed over Time59
      2. 2.5 The Hindbrain and Midbrain House Basic Programs for Your Survival62
      3. 2.6 Forebrain Subcortical Structures Control Your Motivations and Emotions64
      4. 2.7 The Cerebral Cortex of the Forebrain Processes Your Complex Mental Activity66
    3. How Does Your Brain Communicate with Your Body?71
      1. 2.8 Your Somatic Nervous System Detects Sensory Input and Responds72
      2. 2.9 Your Autonomic Nervous System Regulates the Body Automatically73
      3. 2.10 The Endocrine System Affects Your Behavior Through Hormones74
    4. How Do Nature and Nurture Affect Your Brain?76
      1. 2.11 Your Genes Affect Your Mental Activity and Behavior77
      2. 2.12 Your Genes Interact with Your Environment to Influence You78
      3. 2.13 Your Environment Changes Your Brain80
    5. Big Picture82
    6. Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Biological Psychology Help You in Your Job?85
  4. Chapter 3: Consciousness86
    1. What Does It Mean to Be Conscious?88
      1. 3.1 Consciousness Is Your Subjective Experience89
      2. 3.2 Consciousness Results from Brain Activity91
      3. 3.3 Consciousness Involves Attention94
      4. 3.4 Unconscious Processing Sometimes Affects Behavior95
    2. How Does Sleep Affect Consciousness?100
      1. 3.5 Consciousness Changes During Sleep101
      2. 3.6 People Dream While Sleeping103
      3. 3.7 Sleep Is an Adaptive Behavior106
      4. 3.8 Sleep Disorders Are Relatively Common Throughout Life108
    3. How Do Hypnosis, Meditation, and Flow Alter Consciousness?110
      1. 3.9 Attention to Suggestions May Alter Consciousness in Hypnosis111
      2. 3.10 Meditation Alters Consciousness and Brain Functioning113
      3. 3.11 People Can Lose Themselves in Enjoyable Activities114
    4. How Do Drugs Alter Consciousness?116
      1. 3.12 Psychoactive Drugs Affect the Brain117
      2. 3.13 Addiction Has Physical and Psychological Aspects123
    5. Big Picture124
    6. Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Consciousness Help You in Your Job?127
  5. Chapter 4: Development Across the Life Span128
    1. How Does Development Happen in the Womb?130
      1. 4.1 Humans Develop Across Three Domains131
      2. 4.2 Prenatal Development Includes Three Periods of Physical Growth133
      3. 4.3 Substances Affect Prenatal Development in All Three Domains135
    2. How Do Infants and Children Develop?137
      1. 4.4 Infants and Children Change Physically138
      2. 4.5 Infants and Children Change Socially and Emotionally141
      3. 4.6 Infants and Children Change Cognitively144
      4. 4.7 Language Develops in an Orderly Way150
    3. How Do Adolescents Develop?151
      1. 4.8 Adolescents Develop Physically152
      2. 4.9 Adolescents Develop Socially and Emotionally153
      3. 4.10 Adolescents Develop Cognitively156
    4. How Do Adults Develop?158
      1. 4.11 Bodies Change in Adulthood159
      2. 4.12 Adults Develop Lifelong Social and Emotional Bonds160
      3. 4.13 The Mental Abilities of Adults Begin to Decline164
    5. Big Picture166
    6. Putting Psychology to Work: How Does Knowledge of Human Development Help in Educational Settings?169
  6. Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception170
    1. How Do Sensation and Perception Affect You?172
      1. 5.1 Your Senses Detect Physical Stimuli, and Your Brain Processes Perception173
      2. 5.2 There Must Be a Certain Amount of a Stimulus for You to Detect It176
    2. How Do You See?177
      1. 5.3 Sensory Receptors in Your Eyes Detect Light178
      2. 5.4 You Perceive Color Based on Physical Aspects of Light181
      3. 5.5 You Perceive Objects by Organizing Visual Information184
      4. 5.6 When You Perceive Depth, You Can Locate Objects in Space186
      5. 5.7 Cues in Your Brain and in the World Let You Perceive Motion188
      6. 5.8 You Understand That Objects Remain Constant Even When Cues Change189
    3. How Do You Hear?190
      1. 5.9 Receptors in Your Ears Detect Sound Waves191
      2. 5.10 You Perceive Sound Based on Physical Aspects of Sound Waves193
    4. How Are You Able to Taste and Smell?197
      1. 5.11 Receptors in Your Taste Buds Detect Chemical Molecules198
      2. 5.12 Your Olfactory Receptors Detect Odorants201
    5. How Do You Feel Touch and Pain?203
      1. 5.13 Receptors in Your Skin Detect Temperature and Pressure204
      2. 5.14 You Detect Pain in Your Skin and Throughout Your Body205
    6. Big Picture208
    7. Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Sensation and Perception Help You in Your Career?211
  7. Chapter 6: Learning212
    1. How Do You Learn?214
      1. 6.1 You Learn from Experience215
      2. 6.2 You Learn in Three Ways216
      3. 6.3 Your Brain Changes During Learning217
    2. How Do You Learn Through Classical Conditioning?218
      1. 6.4 Through Classical Conditioning, You Learn That Stimuli Are Related219
      2. 6.5 Learning Varies in Classical Conditioning222
      3. 6.6 You Can Learn Fear Responses Through Classical Conditioning225
      4. 6.7 Adaptation and Cognition Influence Classical Conditioning226
    3. How Do You Learn Through Operant Conditioning?228
      1. 6.8 Through Operant Conditioning, You Learn the Consequences of Your Actions229
      2. 6.9 Learning Varies in Operant Conditioning230
      3. 6.10 Both Reinforcement and Punishment Influence Operant Conditioning232
      4. 6.11 Operant Conditioning Affects Your Life236
      5. 6.12 Biology and Cognition Influence Operant Conditioning238
    4. How Do You Learn by Watching Others?241
      1. 6.13 There Are Three Ways You Learn by Watching Others242
      2. 6.14 Biology Influences Observational Learning245
    5. Big Picture246
    6. Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding the Principles of Learning Help You Work with Animals?249
  8. Chapter 7: Memory250
    1. How Do You Create Memories?252
      1. 7.1 You Create Memories by Processing Information253
      2. 7.2 Your Memories Are Unique255
    2. How Do You Maintain Memories over Time?257
      1. 7.3 You Maintain Information in Three Memory Stores258
      2. 7.4 Sensory Storage Lets You Maintain Information Very Briefly260
      3. 7.5 Working Memory Lets You Actively Maintain Information in Short-Term Storage262
      4. 7.6 Long-Term Storage Lets You Maintain Memories Relatively Permanently264
      5. 7.7 Your Long-Term Storage Is Organized Based on Meaning266
    3. What Are Your Different Long-Term Storage Systems?268
      1. 7.8 Amnesia Reveals Different Long-Term Stores269
      2. 7.9 Your Explicit Memories Involve Conscious Effort270
      3. 7.10 Your Implicit Memories Function Without Conscious Effort272
      4. 7.11 Prospective Memory Lets You Remember to Do Something274
      5. 7.12 Memory Is Processed by Several Regions of Your Brain275
    4. How Do You Retrieve Memories?278
      1. 7.13 Retrieval Cues Help You Access Your Memories279
      2. 7.14 You Forget Some of Your Memories281
      3. 7.15 Your Unwanted Memories May Persist283
      4. 7.16 Your Memories Can Be Distorted284
    5. Big Picture288
    6. Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Memory Help You Succeed at Your Job?291
  9. Chapter 8: Thinking and Intelligence292
    1. What Is Thinking?294
      1. 8.1 Thinking Is the Mental Manipulation of Representations295
      2. 8.2 Schemas Are the Basis of Thinking297
      3. 8.3 Schemas Are the Basis of Stereotypes300
    2. How Do You Use Thinking?301
      1. 8.4 You Use Thinking in Three Ways302
      2. 8.5 How You Think Biases Decision Making304
      3. 8.6 You Solve Problems to Achieve Goals308
      4. 8.7 You Overcome Obstacles to Solve Problems311
    3. What Is Intelligence?312
      1. 8.8 One General Factor May Underlie Intelligence313
      2. 8.9 There May Be Multiple Aspects of Intelligence315
      3. 8.10 Intelligence Is a Result of Genes and Environment318
    4. How Is Intelligence Measured?319
      1. 8.11 Intelligence Is Assessed with Psychometric Tests320
      2. 8.12 Intelligence Is Associated with Cognitive Performance326
      3. 8.13 Many Factors Determine Group Differences in Intelligence327
    5. Big Picture330
    6. Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Thinking Help You Succeed in Your Career?333
  10. Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion334
    1. What Motivates Your Behavior?336
      1. 9.1 Many Factors Influence Motivation337
      2. 9.2 Some Behaviors Are Motivated for Their Own Sake343
    2. What Are Your Most Important Motivated Behaviors?344
      1. 9.3 Motivation to Eat Is Affected by Biology345
      2. 9.4 Motivation to Eat Is Also Influenced by Learning348
      3. 9.5 People Have a Need to Belong349
      4. 9.6 People Have a Need to Achieve Long-Term Goals351
    3. How Do You Experience Emotions?353
      1. 9.7 Emotions Are Personal but Labeled and Described Consistently354
      2. 9.8 Three Major Theories Explain Your Emotions356
      3. 9.9 Your Body and Brain Influence Your Emotions360
      4. 9.10 Most People Try to Regulate Their Emotional States364
    4. How Do Emotions Affect You?366
      1. 9.11 You Use Facial Expressions to Interpret Emotions367
      2. 9.12 Your Display of Emotion Varies369
      3. 9.13 Emotions Influence Your Thoughts370
      4. 9.14 Emotions Strengthen Your Interpersonal Relations371
    5. Big Picture372
    6. Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Understanding Motivation and Emotion Help You Work with Customers?375
  11. Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality376
    1. How Does Biology Make People More Male or Female?378
      1. 10.1 Genetics and Hormones Influence Biological Sex379
      2. 10.2 Biological Sex Is Not Always Clear384
    2. Why Do People Act Masculine or Feminine?386
      1. 10.3 People Have Mental Categories of What Is Masculine and What Is Feminine387
      2. 10.4 Gender Roles Affect How People Act389
      3. 10.5 Gender Identity Also Affects How People Act391
      4. 10.6 People Vary in Gender Identity393
    3. How Do People Vary in Sexual Orientation?396
      1. 10.7 Variations in Sexual Orientation Are Normal397
      2. 10.8 Biology Influences the Development of Sexual Orientation400
    4. What Motivates People to Have Sexual Relations (or Not To)?404
      1. 10.9 Biology Influences the Motivation for Sexual Activity405
      2. 10.10 Environmental Context Influences the Motivation for Sexual Activity410
      3. 10.11 Individual Differences Influence the Motivation for Sexual Activity412
    5. Big Picture415
    6. Putting Psychology to Work: How Can Psychology Lead to a Career Supporting People with Variations in Sex, Gender, and Sexuality?419
  12. Chapter 11: Health and Well-Being420
    1. What Affects Your Health?422
      1. 11.1 Biology, Psychology, and Social Factors Influence Your Health423
      2. 11.2 Obesity and Disordered Eating Have Many Health Consequences425
      3. 11.3 Exercise Benefits You Physically, Cognitively, and Emotionally432
      4. 11.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections Can Be Prevented by Practicing Safer Sex433
      5. 11.5 Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health437
    2. How Does Stress Affect Your Health?439
      1. 11.6 Stress Has a Negative Impact on Your Health440
      2. 11.7 You Can Have Several Responses to Stress443
    3. How Do Mediating Factors Affect Your Stress?446
      1. 11.8 Personality Influences the Impact of Stress on Heart Disease447
      2. 11.9 Coping Mediates the Impact of Stress448
    4. Can a Positive Attitude Keep You Healthy?451
      1. 11.10 Positive Psychology Emphasizes Well-Being452
      2. 11.11 Social Support Is Associated with Good Health455
      3. 11.12 Several Strategies Can Help You Stay Healthy456
    5. Big Picture458
    6. Putting Psychology to Work: Can Psychology Help You Be Successful in a Career in Fitness?461