Health Policy Analysis And Development (HCM550) (4 Pages) WA

*Healthcare Policy Analysis and Development (HCM550)

*Type of homework : Critical thickening.

* pelgrism please below 18%

*Notes: I attached the book and article links for reading .

• Chapter 13 in The Handbook of Global Health Policy
• Brisbois,  B. W., M.E.S., PhD, Cole, D. C., M.D., MSc, Davison, C. M., M.P.H.,  PhD, DiRuggiero, E., PhD., R.D., Hanson, L., PhD., Janes, C. R., PhD., .  . . Stime, B., M.P.H. (2016). Corporate sponsorship of global health research: Questions to promote critical thinking about potential funding relationships. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 107(4), E390-E392.
• Clifford, K. L., & Zaman, M. H. (2016). Engineering, global health, and inclusive innovation: Focus on partnership, system strengthening, and local impact for SDGs. Global Health Action, 9.
• ======================================================================================
• Assignment :Global Access to Essential Health Commodities
• Critical Thinking Assignment:
• Research  the access to essential health commodities. Medical innovations are  failing many patients globally. Describe the issues, barriers, and  challenges for the neglected populations. Discuss how access can be  expanded for these populations, what policy changes are needed, and who  needs to be participating in solving this problem.
• Please use the following headings in your paper:
  • Introduction
  • Essential Health Commodities
  • The Failure of Medical Innovations
  • Issues, Barriers, and Challenges
  • Recommended Policy Changes
  • Conclusions
  • References
  • Your paper should meet the following structural requirements:
  • Be 3-4 pages in length, not including the cover or reference pages.
  • Be formatted according to Saudi Electronic University and APA writing guidelines.
  • Provide  support for your statements with in-text citations from a minimum of  six scholarly articles. Two of these sources may be from the class  readings, textbook, or lectures, but four must be external.
  • Utilize headings to organize the content in your work.

    The Handbook of

    Global Health Policy Edited by Garrett W. Brown, Gavin Yamey, and Sarah Wamala

    Handbooks of Global PolicyHandbooks of Global Policy

    This is an essential state-of-the-art guide to global health and its associated policies. It covers an extensive range of issues including the governance, fi nancing, and architecture of global health; the infl uence of evidence and politics on health policy; human and national security; trans-border threats; and human rights and partnerships. In doing so, it maps out key debates and policy structures involved in global health policy, and isolates and examines new policy initiatives.

    This unique text provides a defi nitive source and specifi cation of the key areas in the fi eld; it builds upon the interdisciplinary experience of its three editors to examine the ethical and practical dimensions of new and current policy models and their effect on the future development of global health policy and global health. It also brings together an international team of authors, a signifi cant number of whom are from low- and middle- income countries, to ensure an inclusive view of current policy debates.

    The book takes a further step from earlier research – from defi ning and demonstrating the associations between global mechanisms and global health, to examining health policies that infl uence global health. The book examines each health policy topic through two different lenses: one chapter focuses on ethical/more critical questions related to that topic, while an accompanying chapter explores the more practical/ empirical dimensions. In this way, the book offers a 360 degree overview of global health policy, its formulation and its implications.

    Garrett W. Brown is Reader in the Department of Politics at the University of Sheffi eld, UK. He is the author of Grounding Cosmopolitanism: From Kant to the Idea of a Cosmopolitan Constitution (2009) and co- editor of The Cosmopolitanism Reader (with David Held, 2010). Gavin Yamey leads the Evidence to Policy initiative (E2Pi), a global health policy think tank in the Global Health Group at the University of California, San Francisco, USA. He is a frequent commentator on National Public Radio, and has published over 100 articles in peer-reviewed medical journals. Sarah Wamala is the former Director- General of the Swedish National Institute of Public Health and she is currently serving at the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. She is also affi liated with Karolinska Institute as Professor of Health Policy and Leadership. She has published extensively, and is the editor of Globalization and Health (with Ichiro Kawachi, 2007).

    The Handbook of

    Global Health Policy Edited by Garrett W. Brown, Gavin Yamey, and Sarah Wamala

    The Handbook of

    Global Health Policy

    The H andbook of

    G lobal H

    ealth Policy

    Edited by Brown Yamey,

    and Wamala

    Also available from Wiley Blackwell

     

     

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    xvi

     

     

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    The Handbook of Global Health Policy

     

     

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    Handbook of Global Policy Series

    Series Editor David Held

    Master of University College and Professor of Politics and International Relations at Durham University

    The Handbook of Global Policy series presents a comprehensive collection of the most recent scholarship and knowledge about global policy and governance. Each handbook draws together newly commissioned essays by leading scholars and is presented in a style which is sophisticated but accessible to undergraduate and advanced students, as well as scholars, practitioners, and others interested in global policy. Available in print and online, these volumes expertly assess the issues, concepts, theories, methodologies, and emerging policy proposals in the field.

    Published

    The Handbook of Global Climate and Environment Policy Robert Falkner

    The Handbook of Global Energy Policy Andreas Goldthau

    The Handbook of Global Companies John Mikler

    The Handbook of Global Security Policy Mary Kaldor and Iavor Rangelov

    The Handbook of Global Health Policy Garrett Brown, Gavin Yamey, and Sarah Wamala

     

     

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    The Handbook of Global Health Policy

    Edited by

    Garrett W. Brown, Gavin Yamey, and Sarah Wamala

     

     

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    This edition first published 2014 C ⃝ 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

    Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

    Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

    For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

    The right of Garrett W. Brown, Gavin Yamey, and Sarah Wamala to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

    All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

    Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

    Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

    Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

    Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

    The handbook of global health policy / edited by Garrett W. Brown, Gavin Yamey, and Sarah Wamala.

    pages cm Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-67419-2 (hardback)

    1. World health. 2. Public health International cooperation. 3. Globalization Health aspects. I. Brown, Garrett Wallace, editor of compliation. II. Gavin Yamey, editor of compilation. III. Wamala, Sarah P., editor of compilation. RA441.H34 2014 362.1–dc23 2013049096

    A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

    Cover image: Vinita Yadav, a 23-year-old Indian, holds her newborn baby girl Nargis, born on October 31, 2011. The world’s population reached 7 billion on October 31, 2011 according to projections by the United Nations. Photo © Pawan Kumar / Reuters. Cover design by Design Deluxe.

    Set in 9.5/12pt Sabon by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India

    1 2014

     

    http://www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell

     

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    Contents

    Figures and Tables ix

    Notes on Contributors xiii

    Foreword: Global Health Policy-Making in Transition xxix Sir Richard G. A. Feachem

    Acknowledgments xxxiii

    Introduction 1 Garrett W. Brown, Gavin Yamey, and Sarah Wamala

    Part I Global Health Policy and Global Health Governance 19

    1 Understanding Global Health Policy 21 Ruairı́ Brugha, Carlos Bruen, and Viroj Tangcharoensathien

    2 Critical Reflections on Global Health Policy Formation: From Renaissance to Crisis 47 Sophie Harman

    3 Contemporary Global Health Governance: Origins, Functions, and Challenges 63 Rajaie Batniji and Francisco Songane

    4 Global Health Justice and the Right to Health 77 Garrett W. Brown and Lauren Paremoer

    Part II Narrowing the Gap Between Knowledge and Action 97

    5 Measuring the World’s Health: How Good are Our Estimates? 99 Nancy Fullman, Abraham Flaxman, Katherine Leach-Kemon, Julie Knoll Rajaratnam, and Rafael Lozano

     

     

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    vi CONTENTS

    6 Achieving Better Global Health Policy, Even When Health Metrics Data are Scanty 119 Peter Byass

    7 An Argument for Evidence-Based Policy-Making in Global Health 133 Gavin Yamey and Jimmy Volmink

    8 Can Global Health Policy be Depoliticized? A Critique of Global Calls for Evidence-Based Policy 157 Amy Barnes and Justin Parkhurst

    Part III The Politics of Risk, Disease, and Neglect 175

    9 Dietary Policies to Reduce Non-Communicable Diseases 177 Ashkan Afshin, Renata Micha, Shahab Khatibzadeh, Laura A. Schmidt, and Dariush Mozaffarian

    10 Ethical Reflections on Who is At Risk: Vulnerability and Global Public Health 195 Christine Straehle

    11 Ethical and Economic Perspectives on Global Health Interventions 209 Sonia Bhalotra and Thomas Pogge

    12 Global Health Policy Responses to the World’s Neglected Diseases 229 Mary Moran

    13 The Fight for Global Access to Essential Health Commodities 245 Manica Balasegaram, Michelle Childs, and James Arkinstall

    14 The Social Determinants of Health 267 Arne Ruckert and Ronald Labonté

    Part IV Diplomacy, Security, and Humanitarianism 287

    15 Arguments for Securitizing Global Health Priorities 289 Simon Rushton

    16 Viral Sovereignty: The Downside Risks of Securitizing Infectious Disease 305 Stefan Elbe and Nadine Voelkner

    17 The Changing Humanitarian Sector: Repercussions for the Health Sector 319 François Grünewald and Veronique de Geoffroy

    18 The Limits of Humanitarian Action 341 Hugo Slim

    Part V Financing and the Political Economy of Global Health 355

    19 The Global Health Financing Architecture and the Millennium Development Goals 357 Marco Schäferhoff, Christina Schrade, and Matthew T. Schneider

     

     

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    CONTENTS vii

    20 Can International Aid Improve Health? 375 Christopher J. Coyne and Claudia R. Williamson

    21 The Exterritorial Reach of Money: Global Finance and Social Determinants of Health 393 Ted Schrecker

    22 Trade Rules and Intellectual Property Protection for Pharmaceuticals 409 Valbona Muzaka

    23 The Health Systems Agenda: Prospects for the Diagonal Approach 425 Julio Frenk, Octavio Gómez-Dantés, and Felicia M. Knaul

    24 Will Effective Health Delivery Platforms be Built in Low-Income Countries? 441 Gorik Ooms, Peter S. Hill, and Yibeltal Assefa

    Part VI Health Rights and Partnerships 457

    25 A Rights-Based Approach to Global Health Policy: What Contribution can Human Rights Make to Achieving Equity? 459 Lisa Forman

    26 From Aid to Accompaniment: Rules of the Road for Development Assistance 483 Vanessa Kerry, Agnes Binagwaho, Jonathan Weigel, and Paul Farmer

    27 Global Health Partnerships: The Emerging Agenda 505 Jeremy Youde

    28 Partnerships and the Millennium Development Goals: The Challenges of Reforming Global Health Governance 519 Michael Moran and Michael Stevenson

    Part VII Beyond Globalization 537

    29 Preparing for the Next Pandemic 539 Adam Kamradt-Scott

    30 Globalization and Global Health 555 Matt X. Richardson, Mike M. Callaghan, and Sarah Wamala

    Index 577

     

     

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    Figures and Tables

    Figures

    1.1 Health policy triangle. 24

    1.2 Development assistance for health by channel of assistance, 1990–2012. 27

    1.3 The policy cycle and its stages. 36

    1.4 Systems model of the policy process. 36

    3.1 Development assistance for health, 1976–2010. 68

    5.1 Crude coverage and effective coverage of hypertension treatment across Mexican states, 2005–2006. 107

    5.2 Fraction of deaths assigned as garbage codes from nationally representative vital registration systems, 2000–2010. 110

    5.3 Maternal mortality ratio estimates for Egypt and Saudi Arabia, 1980–2008. 113

    5.4 Changes in composite coverage by wealth decile between 2000 and 2005–2006 in Mexico. 114

    6.1 World population by age and sex groups in 2010 and 2050, for more-, less-, and least-developed countries. 124

    6.2 Age–sex population pyramids for four countries in 2010. 125

    6.3 Global estimates of the number of people living with HIV/AIDS, made on an annual basis by UNAIDS, together with their 2011 post hoc estimates (and bounds). 127

    7.1 Dynamics of evidence-based policy-making in global health, showing a shift over time from policies based on opinion/whim to those based on evidence. 137

     

     

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    x FIGURES AND TABLES

    7.2 Globalizing the evidence, localizing the decision. 139

    7.3 The policy cycle. 141

    7.4 Idealized representation of “evidence flow” and barriers to evidence-based policy-making in global health. 144

    9.1 Ecological model for barriers and opportunities for healthy eating. 183

    12.1 Government funding of neglected disease research and development, 2010. 233

    12.2 Level of innovation in company neglected disease programs. 235

    12.3 Market-based incentives. 237

    12.4 Neglected disease research and development funders. 239

    13.1 The lowest possible generic and originator prices of one year’s treatment with stavudine/lamivudine/nevirapine. By maintaining artificially high prices, patent-backed monopolies can serve to deny people access to affordable medical tools. Generic competition acts to drive prices down. 248

    13.2 Increasing cost of global immunization programs. In recent years, WHO has recommended products with higher unit costs be added to routine immunization protocols globally, significantly raising the price of purchasing a full vaccination course for a child. Two products in particular, the rotavirus vaccine and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, make up the bulk of the cost increase. 250

    14.1 Commission on Social Determinants of Health framework of structural and intermediary determinants of health. 273

    15.1 Portrait of a superspreader: spread of SARS from the Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong as of March 28, 2003. 293

    17.1 The cluster approach. 324

    17.2 Evolution of different health hazards in a post-disaster setting. 333

    17.3 Evolution of the timeliness of response: the Haiti deployments compared to past experiences. 334

    19.1 Commitments to HIV/AIDS and reproductive health, compared with total health official development aid, 1995–2009. 363

    20.1 (a) Sectoral trends and (b) sectoral social sector trends in the allocation of annual world aid, 1967–2010. 378

    20.2 (a) Total health aid and (b) health aid share of total aid budget, 1971–2010. 379

    20.3 Death rate per 1000 population, 1964–2009 (5-year moving average). 381

    20.4 Life expectancy at birth in total years, 1964–2009 (5-year moving average). 382

    20.5 Infant mortality per 1000 births, 1964–2010 (5-year moving average). 382

     

     

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    FIGURES AND TABLES xi

    23.1 Specific health initiatives and under-5 mortality rate in Mexico, 1990–2010. 435

    24.1 The large rise in development assistance for health over the last decade was largely fueled by increased spending on HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria. 444

    Tables

    1.1 Global financial and legal policy instruments. 32

    5.1 A selection of commonly used health metrics and definitions from a range of health domains. 103

    5.2 Twenty leading causes of disability-adjusted life-years by GBD region, 2010. Lower numbers reflect a higher burden rank and higher numbers a lower burden rank. 104

    5.3 A selection of data sources frequently used in producing health metrics and how well their data support estimation. 108

    7.1 Example of a hierarchy of evidence; the highest levels of evidence (levels 1 and 2) involve the most reliable study designs – those least prone to bias. 138

    9.1 Dietary risk factors for non-communicable diseases and their optimal consumption level. 181

    9.2 Selected dietary priorities to reduce cardiovascular mortality globally. 182

    9.3 Evidence-based population approaches to improve diet. 184

    9.4 Policy recommendations for specific stakeholders to promote optimal dietary choices. 188

    11.1 The evolution of global income inequality. 218

    14.1 Various conceptualizations of the social determinants of health. 272

    17.1 Risk analysis in Haiti. 332

    24.1 Between 2000 and 2010, development assistance for health multiplied by a factor of 2.6. For development assistance to fight HIV/AIDS, the factor was 9.2; for maternal, newborn, and child health, it was only 1.8. 445

    28.1 Health Millennium Development Goals scorecard for WHO regions. 528

     

     

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    Notes on Contributors

    Ashkan Afshin is a physician and epidemiologist at the Departments of Epidemiology and Global Health and Population at Harvard School of Public Health. His research inter- ests include population prevention of non-communicable diseases, in particular global policies related to diet and lifestyle. Dr Afshin has led several systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the effectiveness of different population interventions to improve diet and he was a key author on an American Heart Association systematic review and scien- tific statement related to policy measures for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

    James Arkinstall is Head of Communications at the Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Access Campaign. After a stint with the International HIV/AIDS Alliance and field post- ings with MSF in West and Central Africa, he joined the MSF Access Campaign as a campaigner on tuberculosis and pediatric HIV/AIDS in 2005. He holds degrees in Inter- national Relations, Hindi, and Farsi from the University of Cambridge and the Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales in Paris.

    Yibeltal Assefa is a Director for the Planning, Monitoring, and Evaluation of the Multi- sectoral HIV/AIDS response in Ethiopia. He is a medical doctor with a Master of Science in Disease Control. He used to work as a Medical Director in Humera District Hospi- tal, Ethiopia, from 2001 to 2005. He was the National HIV/AIDS Program Manager for Ethiopia from September 2006 to December 2008. Dr Assefa was later a Director of Med- ical Services in the Federal Ministry of Health of Ethiopia between January 2009 and May 2010. He has been a member of a variety of advisory committees for the World Health Organization (WHO) for patients’ retention in care, and the consolidated guidelines for the use of antiretroviral drugs. He is a member of the Core Group of the WHO’s TB/HIV program. Dr Assefa is also a member of the Technical Evaluation Reference Group for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.

    Manica Balasegaram is a medical doctor who trained at the University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. He received further postgraduate training in internal and emergency medicine in the United Kingdom and Australia. He joined Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in 2001, working as a doctor in the field in several countries in sub-Saharan Africa

     

     

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    xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

    and southern Asia. After gaining significant research experience, Dr Balasegaram became Head of the Manson Unit – a London-based medical research and implementation arm of MSF – in 2005. He then joined MSF’s partner organization Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) in 2008, finishing as DNDi’s Head of Leishmaniasis Clinical Develop- ment Team before joining the Access Campaign in 2012. Dr Balasegaram has worked extensively on issues around access to medicines, with a focus on tropical and neglected diseases; he has training in both public health and tropical medicine from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He also has substantial experience in clinical trials and drug development working as a site investigator, principal investigator, and project manager.

    Amy Barnes is a Lecturer in Health Policy and Management at the School of Health and Related Research at the University of Sheffield. She works at the disciplinary inter- face between public health, public policy, management, development studies, and politics. Her research has focused on issues of global health governance, participation, evidence use, partnership working, and inequalities within health systems. Dr Barnes’ recent work explores how aid mechanisms (the Global Fund, sectorwide approaches, and budget sup- port) reshape health systems, the participation of African actors in global health policy, and the linkages between community participation/control and health inequalities.

    Rajaie Batniji is a Resident Physician in Internal Medicine at Stanford University and a scholar affiliated with Stanford’s Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law. His research examines the selection of priority diseases and countries in global health, and he is interested in global health financing and the priority-setting process of international institutions. His work has also examined social determinants of health in the Middle East. He is a co-investigator on Global Underdevelopment Action Fund projects explaining US global health financing and political causes of public health crisis. Dr Batniji received his doctorate in International Relations (DPhil) from Oxford Univer- sity where he studied as a Marshall Scholar. He also earned an MD from the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine and MA and BA (with distinction) degrees in History from Stanford University. Dr Batniji was previously based at Oxford’s Global Economic Governance Program, and he has worked as a consultant to the World Health Organization.