What imaging procedures did Mr. Smith undergo? Discuss the distinctions and similarities between the two different imaging approaches. What were the results of imaging procedures in Mr. Smith’s case?

 Faculty Contact John Rose John.Rose@faculty.umuc.edu

 Course Description (For students majoring in both science and nonscience disciplines.) A survey of the mechanisms of disease and their expression in major organ systems of the human body. The goal is to use scientific reasoning to make informed decisions about matters related to human biology and health. Topics include infections, cancer, heart disease, lung disease, diabetes, stroke, malnutrition, poisoning by environmental toxins, stress, inflammation, disorders of the immune system, and aging. Emphasis is on analysis of factors that cause disruption of healthy body functions, leading to disease, and on prevention of disease through control of risk factors and early detection. Students may receive credit for only one of the following courses: BIOL 301 or BIOL 398H.

 Course Introduction Human Health and Disease is an upper-level science course. You will learn about the human body and its structural components and mechanisms that help the body maintain optimal working order. We will explore the relationship between the body’s structure (anatomy) and function (physiology), learning how the body works when it is healthy and what happens when it is affected by a disease.

We will learn to distinguish between healthy and diseased function of the various levels of organization in the body starting from the smallest living units?cells?and moving on to tissues, organs, and organ systems. We will discuss how the coordination of metabolic activities at each level benefits the body and explore how all parts of the body work together to maintain a stable internal environment that allows the body to function properly within set limits.

We will then discuss general categories of diseases caused by pathogens, genetic defects, and environmental factors, and learn how a single disease agent affects not just one organ, but ultimately causes disruption in the body’s homeostasis. We will also explore diagnostic procedures, treatment options, and potential outcomes of various diseases as they pertain to specific organ systems. We will learn to recognize the risk factors leading to diseases and identify preventive measures.

Knowledge about human diseases will be gathered from a variety of sources, including textbooks, course modules, articles, and information from papers and group presentations.

 Course Outcomes After completing this course, you should be able to

use knowledge of biological principles and the scientific method to ask and answer relevant questions about human health and disease analyze information to distinguish between diseased and healthy structure and functioning analyze how internal and external factors cause disruption of healthy body function, leading to disease and disorders recognize risk factors leading to disease and identify preventive measures and treatments

 Course Materials

Europe · Syllabus ·

BIOL 301 E621 Human Health and Disease (2192) BIOL-301 Spring 2018 Section E621 3 Credits 12/17/2018 to 01/13/2019

Click to access your course materials information (https://webtext.europe.umuc.edu/)

 Grading Information Grading Information and Criteria

This course consists of the following graded items:

Conference participation (week 1 through week 7 at 3% per week)

21%

Quizzes (two quizzes at 10% each) 20%

Patient Scenario 15%

Pamphlet addressing nonscientific community and presentation

Pre-pamphlet (5%)

Pamphlet (12%)

Pamphlet Presentation (week 8; 3%)

20%

Final examination 24%

Total 100%

Extra Credit Policy

There is no extra credit work in this course.

Late Submission Policy

1. Quizzes and written assignments: Ten percent (10%) of your grade will be subtracted for each day an assignment is late.

2. Discussions: If you do not participate in the discussions by the due date, you will earn 0% for participation in the missed week.

3. Final Exam: If you do not submit your final exam within the 48-hour window (note that you will have 5 hours to complete the exam once you open it within the 48-hour window), you will earn 0 (no exceptions!).

4. No work will be accepted after the official end of the class.

Additional Notes to Late Policy

Illness, death, family emergency situations, and TDYs (for military members) are part of life. It is your responsibility, when you think things are in danger of getting out of hand, to keep your instructor informed about what is going on, what the problem is, and how long it will interfere with your ability to concentrate and participate in the course. Do your best to inform your instructor of potential disruptive situations before deadlines are reached. You can always contact your instructor according to the contact information provided by your instructor. You may need to provide appropriate documentation that confirms an emergency or other disruption. Your instructor will use discretion in determining whether a late assignment may be accepted.

 Project Descriptions Discussion conferences

By registering for a web-based course, you have made a commitment to participate in your course conferences as well as other online activities. Plan to participate regularly. Participation for this course is defined as proactive participation in weekly discussion topics. This requires you to actively reflect on weekly module and textbook readings and to develop original ideas in your responses. You are expected to demonstrate critical thinking and your understanding of the content in the assigned readings as they relate to the issues identified in the conference discussion. You are expected to make your own contribution as well as respond with value-added comments to your classmates. You are encouraged to respond to other students as well as to your instructor. Note that your online conference participation counts significantly toward your final grade.

To receive full credit for weekly participation, you must:

Participate individually with meaningful and original comments in the posted discussion topics. (See Academic Policies for information about plagiarism.) A minimum of 3 posts per week is required. Your posts should be written in your own words and should be about 100 to 150 words long. Proper citation of sources (APA style) used for your responses is expected. The due date for weekly conference(s) is every Sunday at 11:59 eastern time (ET).

Deadline for classroom participation is midnight US Eastern Time Zone of the due date unless stated otherwise. You must participate in the classroom discussions before the stated deadline to receive credit. You are expected to adhere to the general rules of online etiquette.

The grading rubric for individual participation in the weekly discussions is located under Project Grading Criteria and Rubrics.

Conference topics and questions will cover:

natural chemical elements (ions) in the human body the role of trace elements in illness blood pH and buffers the role of respiratory and excretory systems in maintenance of homeostasis enzymes and their function in different organ systems medical technology and its importance to diagnosis and treatment medical therapies the role of nutrition and lifestyle in health and illness case studies normative values and their use in the medical profession diseases and disorders affecting various organs and organ systems interdependent function of endocrine system and nervous system to regulate body function functions and composition of blood, hemostasis, blood types, and blood disorders relationships between lymphatic systems and cardiovascular system genetic inheritance and pedigree

Do not put off coursework until the end of the week. The deadline for classroom participation is midnight ET of the due date unless stated otherwise. You must participate in the classroom discussions before the stated deadline to receive credit.

What is “good” participation?

For discussion participation, what matters here is the quality of your responses, not quantity.

Here are some examples of good responses:

“Mary, you mentioned in your answer that human cloning is currently being investigated. In your research did you see any companies that were actually doing human cloning? I did not think that human cloning even a possibility in our lifetime. I think the government should regulate cloning practices of all animals to make sure that the science is not being used in a harmful or unethical way.”

Another example:

“Joe, I really enjoyed reading your paper. I like the way that you formatted it, using pictures and tables to support your facts. The table you included about the increase in Flu deaths was very interesting – I did not realize that so many people die in other countries from something as simple as the flu!”

Your responses may include an observation, a counterexample, a suggestion, a statement of respectful disagreement, a solution, a question about the material or the process, an insight, an admission, an assent, an example, an idea, a corroboration, or a speculation. Remember to include your sources of information (if applicable)!

Here are some examples of inadequate responses/participation:

“Good job, I liked your answers!” or, “Joe – I liked your paper very much!” or, “I agree!”

Any response that is intimidating, disrespectful, belittling and/or or demeaning will not be tolerated, and will be deleted.

Important: Responses that are copy/pasted from a source will earn no credit.

Quizzes

Two quizzes will be assigned during the course. They will be posted on Monday at 00:01 am and due on Sunday at 11:59 pm Eastern Time (US). See Course Schedule for dates. Each quiz is worth 10% of the final grade.

Final Examination (Timed)

Addresses Course Outcome #1, #2, #3, and #4

Use knowledge of biological principles and the scientific method to ask and answer relevant questions about the human body. Recognize and explain how external and internal factors influence the stability of human body processes. Use scientific findings to characterize structure and function of the healthy human body. Weigh and make health-related decisions based on an understanding of the value and limits of scientific knowledge and the scientific method.

The final examination will be an unproctored timed final exam. The final exam will be provided by your instructor on Friday 01/11 at 00:01 am US Eastern Time Zone. This final exam document will be made available to you for 48 hours. Once you open the exam you will have 5 (FIVE) hours to complete it. Keep in mind that the exam is due on Saturday 01/12 at 11:59 pm Eastern Time Zone. ONLY exams submitted through the online (D2L/LEO) classroom will be accepted. The final exam may consist of multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, short answer, and essay questions.

If you do not complete (remember you have 5 hours) and submit your final exam within the 48-hour window, you will earn 0 (no exceptions!).

Patient Scenario

Addresses Learning Outcomes:

Use knowledge of biological principles and the Scientific Method to ask and answer relevant questions about human health and disease Analyze information to distinguish between diseased and healthy structure and functioning. Analyze how internal and external factors cause disruption of healthy body function, leading to disease and disorders.

Mr. Smith is 60 years old. He was diagnosed with a prostate cancer five years ago. Over the past few days, Mr. Smith has been feeling weak and increasingly tired and has also been suffering from a headache that did not respond to over-the-counter medications. He scheduled an appointment with his physician.

His physician performed a physical examination and recommended a battery of laboratory tests and imaging procedures.

The table below shows Reference values in the right-hand column. These values reflect the normal range of values for patients without disease or illness. The center column reflects the resulting values for medical test results obtained for Mr. Smith.

Take note whether Mr. Smith’s values are within normal limits.

Mr. Smith Reference Values

K+ 2.6 mmol/L 3.8-4.9mmol/L

Hb (Hemoglobin) 7.5 g/dL 13.8 to 18.2 g/dL

Hct (Hematocrit) 20.4% 45-52%

Platelet Count 49×10 /L 150-400×10 /L

After receiving Mr. Smith’s test results, his physician admits him to the hospital. Hospital staff treated him and discharged him.

The following week, Mr. Smith returns to his physician with the same complaint of weakness and a new complaint of shortness of breath. His blood pressure is 160/100 mmHg. MRI reveals metastasis of prostate cancer to osseous tissue. Abdominal CT shows obstruction of intestine due to nodular enlargement of adrenal glands.

Laboratory results from Mr. Smith’s second hospital admission and medical tests show following findings:

Mr. Smith Reference Values

K+ 2.6 mmol/L 3.8-4.9mmol/L

Hb 7.3 g/dl 13.8 to 18.2 g/dL

Hct 20.4% 45-52%

Platelet Count 20×10 /L 150-400×10 /L

HCO3 38 mmol/l 22-26 mmol/L

Urinary K+ 70 mmol/L/24 hr 25-120 mmol/L/24 hr

Blood Glucose 460 mg/dl 64.8-104.4 mg/dL

Serum Aldosterone 1 ng/dl

24 hour Urinary Aldosterone 8.4 mcg/24 hr 2.3-21.0 mcg/24 hr

Renin 2.1 ng/ml/hr 0.65-5.0 ng/ml/hr

9 9

9 9

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

1082 pg/ml 9-46 pg/ml

Cortisol 155.5 microg/dL 0-25 microg/dL

CONCLUSION AND DIAGNOSIS

Laboratory findings, MRI and CT confirmed metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma, hypertension and refractory hypokalemia due to ectopic ACTH production. High levels of circulating cortisol caused continuous activation of mineralocorticoid receptors resulting in hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis and hypertension.

After reading provided scenario, answer the following questions:

1. What are the components of physical examination? Describe each component. (See Module 1, Commentary, Topic 8. Disease Categories, Part B. Steps in Diagnosis)

2. Mr. Smith’s blood pressure was 160/100 mmHg. How does a medical provider take or measure blood pressure? What do the top (numerator) and bottom (denominator) numbers mean in the biological sense? What is the significance the size of these two numbers? Is Mr. Smith’s blood pressure within normal range? Explain how you concluded whether Mr. Smith’s blood pressure is/is not within normal range.

3. Based on the data provided, what laboratory tests were performed and what samples were taken from the patient? Select one of the laboratory tests ordered for Mr. Smith and discuss why Mr. Smith’s physician might have ordered the test and the information she might have expected to obtain from that particular test.

4. Compare Mr. Smith’s values with reference values and indicate whether MR. Smith’s values are below, above, or within normal range (compare Mr. Smith’s values with the Reference values) for each laboratory tests in the table above from the second set of tests.

5. What imaging procedures did Mr. Smith undergo? Discuss the distinctions and similarities between the two different imaging approaches. What were the results of imaging procedures in Mr. Smith’s case?

6. Select one of the medical terms from the CONCLUSION and DIAGNOSIS section above and define what it means. Also, discuss, in your own words and based on what you can gather about Mr. Smith’s condition, how the laboratory or imaging tests helped with drawing a conclusion or making the diagnosis. In your own words, discuss how medical providers use the scientific method to come to work through the examination and diagnosis of a patient.

You should write a short paper addressing all six questions and submit it into the assignment folder. Your grade will depend upon the content, clarity and originality of responses written in your own words. Good writing practices, including the use of correct grammar, sentence and paragraph structure, and punctuation, and presence of logical reasoning, will account for a portion of your grade.

Cite all sources in APA format within your answer text as well as full citations in APA format at the end of the assignment.

Pamphlet addressing non-scientific community and presentation