Enviromental World History

How would you rank revolution (political revolutions in the colonies), colonization, and industrialization in importance for understanding our modern world when you consider our current relationship with the environment? [40 pts]

1. Uses specific examples from lectures in weeks 7, 8, 9, & 10 [15 pts]
2. Uses specific examples from Ross(Intro), and Marks chapters 4 and 5 [15 pts]
3. Take into consideration not only our current social, economic, and political structures but also our relationship with the environment [10 pts]

You can cite lectures (Mevissen, Meiji Japan) and book material (Ross 16) or (Marks 110), etc

Please use an example from each file I uploaded as well as use an example from the chapters i listed below. The book is called Marks the origins of the modern world:

Marks, Chapter 4: The Industrial Revolution and its Consequences, 1750-1850, pgs. 97-125

Marks, Chapter 5: The Gap, pgs. 127-160

The Ottoman Empire

Agenda

• Lecture
• Discussion: Marks, “The Gap”

1. medium-length paper duetonight at 11:59 pm
2. extra credit due tomorrowat 5 pm
3. Marks, Chapter 6, “TheGreat Departure”PGS: 161-84
4. Reading Quiz #10 due nextWed at 11:59 pm
5. rough draft due in 3 weeksSTART WORK NOW

Learning Objects

• Name two theories for Ottoman decline.
• Name three reforms.
• Name three difficulties for Ottoman Empire before WWI
• Name three difficulties during WWI
• 2 examples of efforts to overcome wartime difficulties

In 1829

In 1913

 

In 1920

What caused decline?

• Traditional interpretation:

• Modernization was toolate
• composite state (Parker)weakened their reformefforts

1839 Edict ofGülhane: started reform

• Religion:

• Official Islam
• permittedJews/Christians (milletsystem)

• Ethnicity:

• Pre-19thcentury, identity= religion
• Nationalism: political-ethnic identity ‘Slav’‘Arab’ ‘Turk’

• Territory:

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/92/b8/00/92b800f009593647a2b4bbcf89a06107.jpg

In 1829

 

• Religion:

• Official Islam
• permittedJews/Christians (milletsystem)

• Ethnicity:

• Pre-19thcentury, identity= religion
• Nationalism: political-ethnic identity ‘Slav’‘Arab’ ‘Turk’

• Territory:

• Before 19thcentury =northern Africa, Balkans,Arabian Peninsula

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/92/b8/00/92b800f009593647a2b4bbcf89a06107.jpg

Reform Efforts (Tanzimat= Reorganizing)

• 1839:Edict ofGülhane

• Secular laws
• Compulsory education
• Regulated taxes
• Response: some in empirefeared it was foreign“Europeanization”

MustafaReşidPasha, a reformer

Reform Efforts (Tanzimat= Reorganizing)

1. Edict ofTanzimat

• Equal access to education/jobs
• Commercial/criminal laws appliedequally to all
• minority representation on courts
• Effect: began to respect lingual andreligious differences, BUT non-Muslims also had to join the army

MustafaReşidPasha, a reformer

 

Constitutional Reform

• 1876-8: Parliament andnew constitution

• ended by new sultanAbdülhamid

Constitutional Reform

• 1878-1908: rule undersultan withoutconstitution orparliament
• New constitutiondeclared after YoungTurk revolution

• Parliament includedpolitical parties

Resistance to Reform

• Europeans disliked strong OttomanEmpire
• Religious leaders feared loss ofreligious privileges and power
• Reform tried to make centralgovernment in Istanbul stronger

Environmental Difficulties

• Almost no coal deposits

• Expensive to transport with animals

• Extremely disadvantageous in 19thcentury
• better sea transportation =cholera from India spread toMiddle East in 1821

• 1831-1912: 40 outbreaks

Economic Difficulties

• Over 90% of society agricultural(biological old regime)
• only 0.2% of population =manufacturing
• Infrastructure (railroads/ports/publicutilities) owned by foreigncompanies

• Sent agricultural goods to ports(bypassed Ottoman control/consumption)

Ottoman Empire on the Eve of War

• Hadlost most of European territoriesin severalwars (of liberation)from1820s to 1913
• when alliance with Francerejected,alliedwithGermany(thus, CentralPowers)

WWI and the Environmental Difficulties (1/2)

• Without large reserves of coal oriron ore–no major armamentproduction like in Germany, Russia,or Great Britain

• Relied on Austrian and Germansupplies
• Had lost ½ weapons supplies in BalkanWars (1912-13)

• localgeography + lack of roads =soldiers walked several months toget to front

• Hard to supply troops without rails orroads

http://s1.e-monsite.com/2009/06/21/04/51412217railroads-short-history-png.png

WWI and the Environmental Difficulties (2/2)

• Draft animals were requisitioned forwar

• Fewer for fields, food productiondropped
• Revenue from land taxesdecreased(funding for war dried up)
• Less food = prices increased

• British/FrenchMediterraneanblockade+ locus plague (1915)causedmassive famine inLebanon

• 200,000 starved to death
• Exacerbated by official Ottoman policynot to send grain (to avoid speculation)

https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/1024/media/images/78442000/png/_78442325_lebanon.png

Efforts to Overcome Difficulties

• CemalPasha (navy minister & governor ofGreater Syria)

• developedroadand rail systems throughout Arabprovinces

• Forests denuded for fuel and to build railwayties

• Set up communications and water supply lines in aridregions

• Still experienced military defeats despite supplies

• Experimented with tree nurseries and plant gardens
• Following 1915 typhoid epidemic in Aleppo, hadarchitect design water supply
• Set up agricultural school

Conclusions

• Ottoman Empire collapses in 1922

• Many provinces break away becauseof poor treatment by Ottomangovernment OR as a result ofBritish/French imperialism

• Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)creates Republic of Turkey

• Modern, secular country
• Today Turkey looks to Ottoman pastas ‘glory days’

Learning Objects: Recap

• Name two theories for Ottoman decline.
• Name three reforms.
• Name three difficulties for Ottoman Empire before WWI
• Name three difficulties during WWI
• 2 examples of efforts to overcome wartime difficulties

Marks questions

• Why is the chapter called “The Gap”? What are examples of growing gapsthat Marks describes in the opening pages of the chapter?
• What is de-industrialization and why did it happen to India? How didindustrial processes change agriculture during this era?
• How did free trade contribute to inequalities between different regionsaround the world?
• Compare industrialization in France, Britain, Russia, the US and Japan.
• What factors led to New Imperialism?
• Describe some of the environmental consequences of the IndustrialRevolution
• How did El Niño famines contribute to “the Gap”?
• How did Europeans useSocial Darwinismto justify imperialism?

1. medium-length paper due tonight at 11:59 pm
2. extra credit due tomorrow at 5 pm
3. Marks, Chapter 6, “The Great Departure”PGS: 161-84
4. Reading Quiz #10 due next Wed at 11:59 pm
5. rough draft due in 3 weeks START WORK NOW