Civilization

Civilization: Stage IV of Human Bio-Cultural Evolution.

The stage IV of human bio-cultural evolution is Civilization. It rose 3000 B.C. and after. Civilization refers to the rise of cities where the development of new technologies emerged. This technology would involve changes in the organization of society such as the development of writing, Monumental architecture, long distance trade, sophisticate art style, arithmetic, geometric, astronomy, etc. In addition, this stage is characterized by Ancient Civilizations. The First Civilization developed in the Southern Mesopotamia 3300 B.C. and this is where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are located. In April or May the flooding of these two Rivers occur. These rivers became avenues of transport and trade. Moreover, the rise of City-States included the elaboration of temples with Ziggurats. The first temple in Southern Mesopotamia was Eridu where Priest rules or authority served as representation of the Gods. Furthermore, writing was another important aspect of the Mesopotamian Civilization. It consisted of Cuneiform script to write several languages and therefore the script and the writing allowed them to develop the Sumerian language and later Akkadian language on clay tablets. Additionally, the religion of the Mesopotamian Civilization was polytheistic, which means that each city had Gods and Goddesses. Another important characteristic of the Mesopotamian Civilization was Architecture, which was based on urban settlements or cities; also religious temples on Ziggurats. The Burial of the ancient Mesopotamian Civilization was based on royal tombs.

Ancient Egypt is also part of the first civilizations. The geographic area of this civilization is located in the Upper and lower of Egypt, dating 2900 B.C. The Nile River is a unifying force in Egypt, but also an isolating factor that’s ships with sails, 3000 B.C; growing sophistication. A milder climate could produce two crops a year. In addition, the flooding of the Nile River occurs in September. The political and religious organization of Egypt was the Pharaoh, which was a divide and considered a God. Also the Pharaoh was keeper of the divine order of the universe. In politically terms nomes – the provinces had administrative officials; vizier-prime were the ministers of the provinces. This was a highly stratified society. The Egypt civilization was also characterized by hieroglyphics writing, which was based on pictographic on walls, stele, and papyrus. Additionally, their Architecture was characterized by cities, palaces, and religious temples. The Egyptian civilization constructed pyramids. One of them was Saqqara-designed and built by Imhotep for the third Dynasty Pharaoh Djoser 2663-2646 B.C.

Ancient Pakistan and India are considered part of the Indus Civilization, dating 2600 B.C. The geographic are of the Indus Civilization is located at the greater Indus Valley. This is where the Indus River is found. The Indus River fools in August. In addition, there is no evidence of a known authority in the Ancient Indus civilization or evidence of religion. The form of writing that they developed was Indus script and Stamp seals. The Indus Script was a form of writing undeciphered, meaning that its origin is poorly understood. Seals of Steatite were mainly used with writing and animals such as bull, tiger, elephants, and humans. Additionally, their Architecture was characterized by cities, urban centers, and other unknown. Burial was based on cemeteries. The last important peace within the Indus civilization is the notable features such as distinct pottery, clay jewelry, clay figurines, animal and other clay toys; also extensive use of cooper and bronze, including weapons and vessels.