Ocean Zones, Dissolved Gases, & Treasure Hunting

Assignments completed in a narrative essay or composition format must follow the citation style cited in the American Psychological Association (APA). One page with references and they must be cited in the writing.

Assignment:
Here are this week’s essay options: Answer one of the following below

(1) Why is the ocean layered? Explain the PHYSICAL CAUSES of layering, and describe the major layers in the ocean. NOTE: In your research you may find the Hadalpeligic Zone. Hadal means Hades, why would the conditions here be “Hell-like”? Also during WWII and the Cold War submariners found the “deep-scattering layer” where they could hide from sonar. So for grins (and to help your grade on this item.) find out what & where it is while doing your research. Or just ask your local submariner, anybody who has ever served on a sub will know the answer to this. The attached article will prove useful here.
You can also check out this video that names the oceanic zones (and invertebrate phyla) from Finding Nemo: edgetest.apus.edu/access/content/group/4dd9bc6d-dac4-4140-9889-98cf024c88d6/Video/www.youtube.com_wa20130320192751.URL

OR (2) The ocean has very significant concentrations of various gases dissolved in it. In the uppermost 1200 meters of the ocean, a graph of oxygen concentration against depth often shows two especially interesting features – (a) at perhaps 50 to 150 meters depth there is a subsurface oxygen maximum, and (b) at perhaps 750 to 900 meters depth, there are very low oxygen concentrations (some places approaching zero). For each (a & b), you must FIRST identify a physical or biological process that could be responsible for the feature, and then SECOND explain HOW that process might create the feature. Label the parts of your answer to correspond to the question. If you want to submit a diagram or picture, upload them to your MY FOLDER and tell the instructor via email. Pgs 139-140 in the text will be helpful.

OR (3) A salvage company out of Florida worked in the Atlantic off of Europe to recover the treasure ($50 million so far) from a sunken ship (Spain claims it is one of theirs and actually arrested the divers and salvagers). The same company also found a British wreck worth an estimated $500 million. Research this and describe what types of technology would be used to locate and salvage the treasure (the wreck is almost a mile underwater) and what oceanic conditions (besides the Spanish Government) they would have to contend with to perform their salvage operations. Also mention how the Law of the Sea Treaty (UNCLOS) might effect this situation. By the way all successful treasure salvage operations start in LIBRARIES! Explain that factor. Read Lecture Week 1-A in the Lesson Packets it will really help with this one.

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http://www.artinaid.com/2013/04/the-ocean-layers/

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Running head: OCEAN LAYERS Layers of the Ocean Name Institution Layers of the Ocean Similar to the divisions of the atmosphere, ocean consists of several layers in itself. There are five main layers deep: ? the “hadalpelagic zone” between 11000 and 6000 meters deep, ? the “abyssal zone” between 6000 and 4000 meters deep, ? the “bathyal zone” between 4000 and 1000 meters deep ? the “mesopelagic zone” between 1000 and 200 meters deep ? the “epipelagic zone” where the 90% of sea creatures. 1The“hadalpelagic zone”or“hadal zone”is the deepest ocean, ranging from 6,000 meters to nearly 11,000 1in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific) with strong hydrostatic pressure of about 1100 atmospheres and temperatures between 1 ° C and 2 ° C above the melting point. It is in total darkness and extends in 75% of the ocean. Certain living organisms and creatures are removed from this area die in areas of lower pressure being the most common worms, jellyfish, sea cucumbers and certain fish. The currents observed related to the interaction of the Earth with the behavior Sun and the Moon (Bryan, 1969). The “abyssal” zone, “abyssopelagic zone” or “area of the abyss” is between 6,000 and 4 1,000 feet deep, remaining in perpetual darkness and never receives the visible sunlight. The pressures are at about 400 atmospheres at 4000 meters to 600 atmospheres at 6000 meters depth 1between 2 ° C and 3 ° C without inhabitants. The area is too dark to occur photosynthesis and fish and crustaceans in this area are blind or have their own source of light. The“bathypelagic zone”, “bathyal”or“midnight zone”is between 4000 and 1000 meters. 1Over 90% of the ocean lies beneath this layer. The temperature is constant and is around 4 ° C, but the pressure increases from 100 atmospheres at 1000 meters to 400 atmospheres at 4000 meters. The darkness is constant sunlight sun does not reach this area, where only occur some flashes of light coming from the bioluminescence of the animals in this area are scarce (sponges, brachiopods, starfish) with rates slow metabolism and no plants by lack of sunlight for photosynthesis (Kraus & others, 1977). Among the 1,000 m and 200 m deep is the “mesopelagic” or “twilight zone”1because the sunlight is pale and penetrates up to 600 meters deep so it is also known as“twilight zone”with few plants that can perform photosynthesis. 1The ocean has a surface layer of warm water of 12 ° C to 30 ° C arrives from 10 1or 20 meters to 50 meters or 100 or even up to 200 m of depth called the“epipelagic zone”, “zone of sun“or”photic zone “where most of the visible light exists in this area. In addition, the deep scattering layer (DSL), also referred to as “deep layer of sound” or historically ECR layer, is the name given to a layer of the ocean that consists of a variety of animals (Russell, Miller, & Rind, 1995). It was discovered through the sonar boat as they were with a layer in which the sound was stop and was often confused with the ocean. For this reason it is often the DSL called the “false bottom”. This layer can be raised or lowered each day according to the daily vertical migration. References Bryan, K. (1969). Climate and the ocean circulation: III. The ocean model. Monthly Weather Review, 97(11), 806–827. Kraus, E. B., & others. (1977). Modelling and Prediction of the Upper Layers of the Ocean. Pergamon Press. Retrieved from http://agris.fao.org/agris- search/search.do?recordID=US201300549021 Russell, G. L., Miller, J. R., & Rind, D. (1995). A coupled atmosphere-ocean model for transient climate change studies. Atmosphere-Ocean, 33(4), 683–730. 1 OCEAN LAYERS 2 OCEAN LAYERS 3 OCEAN LAYERS 4