Global Societal Problem, Argument And Solution

Prepare: Prior to beginning work on this assignment, please review this Sample Final Paper GEN499 for additional guidance on the expectations of this assignment.

The topic of your essay needs to be a global societal problem from the following list:

• Food and water security (Flint Michigan Water Crisis)

Reflect: Based on the topic that you have chosen, you will need to use critical thinking skills to thoroughly understand how this topic can be a global societal problem and determine some logical solutions to the problem.

Write: This Final Paper, an argumentative essay, will present research relating the critical thinker to the modern, globalized world. In this assignment, you need to address the items below in separate sections with new headings for each.

In your paper,

• Identify the global societal problem within the introductory paragraph.
  • Conclude with a thesis statement that states your proposed solutions to the problem. (For guidance on how to construct a good introduction paragraph, please review the Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.) from the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.).)
• Describe background information on how that problem developed or came into existence.
  • Show why this is a societal problem.
  • Provide perspectives from multiple disciplines or populations so that you fully represent what different parts of society have to say about this issue.
• Construct an argument supporting your proposed solutions, considering multiple disciplines or populations so that your solution shows that multiple parts of society will benefit from this solution.
  • Provide evidence from multiple scholarly sources as evidence that your proposed solution is viable.
• Interpret statistical data from at least three peer-reviewed scholarly sources within your argument.
  • Discuss the validity, reliability, and any biases.
  • Identify the strengths and weaknesses of these sources, pointing out limitations of current research and attempting to indicate areas for future research. (You may even use visual representations such as graphs or charts to explain statistics from sources.)
• Evaluate the ethical outcomes that result from your solution.
  • Provide at least one positive ethical outcome as well as at least one negative ethical outcome that could result from your solution.
  • Explain at least two ethical issues related to each of those outcomes. (It is important to consider all of society.)
• Develop a conclusion for the last paragraphs of the essay, starting with rephrasing your thesis statement and then presenting the major points of the topic and how they support your argument. (For guidance on how to write a good conclusion paragraph, please review the Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.) from the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.).)

The Global Societal Problem, Argument, and Solution Paper

• Must be 1,750 to 2,250 words in length (approximately between seven and nine pages; not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’s APA Style (Links to an external site.) resource.
• Must include a separate title page with the following:
  • Title of paper
  • Student’s name
  • Course name and number
  • Instructor’s name
  • Date submitted
• For further assistance with the formatting and the title page, refer to APA Formatting for Word 2013 (Links to an external site.).
• Must utilize academic voice. See the Academic Voice (Links to an external site.) resource for additional guidance.
• Must include an introduction and conclusion paragraph. Your introduction paragraph needs to end with a clear thesis statement that indicates the purpose of your paper.
  • For assistance on writing Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.) as well as Writing a Thesis Statement (Links to an external site.), refer to the Ashford Writing Center resources.
• Must use at least eight scholarly sources.
  • Source Document Requirements:
    • Multimedia sources (such as videos) may be used, but no more than two such sources may be used. If multimedia sources are used, they must be authored and distributed by credible sources, such as universities, law schools, medical schools, or professors, or found in the Ashford University Library.
    • Government sources may be used, but no more than two such sources may be used. Examples include whitehouse.gov, state.gov, usa.gov, cdc.gov, and so forth. These websites can be used to make a stronger point about your proposed solution within the argument.
    • Where documents are used for source materials, those must be peer-reviewed, scholarly journal articles, and academically published books. Popular media sources (e.g., newspapers, magazines, television and radio shows, etc.) must not be used. Materials from advocacy groups (e.g., Greenpeace, Human Rights Campaign, National Organization for Women, etc.) must not be used.
    • Sites such as ProCon.org and Wikipedia must not be used.
    • Religious texts must not be used.
  • The Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources (Links to an external site.) table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the appropriateness of a specific source for an assignment. The Integrating Research (Links to an external site.) tutorial will offer further assistance with including supporting information and reasoning.
  • Must document in APA style any information used from sources, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’s Citing Within Your Paper (Links to an external site.).
  • Must have no more than 15% quoted material in the body of your essay based on the Turnitin report. References list will be excluded from the Turnitin originality score.
  • Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style. See the Formatting Your References List (Links to an external site.) resource in the Ashford Writing Center for specifications.

Good Critical Thinking Tips:

• Your paper should include academic sources that explain multiple sides of the issue.
• Your interpretations of the evidence should be objective and state the conclusions and theses presented in the evidence clearly and fairly.
• Your paper should place the various forms of evidence in relation to one another and demonstrate why one form or perspective is stronger than the other positions that one could take on the issue.
• Your paper should point out the limitations of current evidence and attempt to indicate areas for future research.

  Running head: ANIMAL TESTING 1

  Updated June 2018

   

   

   

   

   

   

  To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing

  Student Name

  GEN 499 General Education Capstone

  Professor Millie Jones

  November 16, 2050*

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

   

  *This sample paper was adapted by the Writing Center from an original paper by a stu- dent. Used by permission.

   

   

   

   

   

  ANIMAL TESTING 2

   

  To Test or Not to Test: Ethics in Animal Testing

  The subject of animal testing raises questions of necessity. Animal testing is

  something that has been done for many years for several different reasons. It has been

  used since the dawn of medicine by physicians and scientists. From biomedical research

  to testing cosmetics, people claim that animal testing is necessary to benefit people in sa-

  tiating their need for certain products as well as saving lives. There is an idea that animals

  are the best way to find treatments and cures for people, but the treatment of animals is of

  concern for some members of society. Society is feeling more and more that animals

  have as much right to live freely in this world as humans do, and our obligation to see to

  this makes animal testing a societal problem. Due to these concerns and others, there

  have been several laws and acts formed to protect animals and minimize their suffering.

  And with the advances of technology and other discoveries, the question of the necessity

  of animal testing is becoming an issue for animal activists and lovers everywhere. The

  future of medicine and biomedical research should not rely on animals for testing. In-

  stead, we should use alternative testing methods and work toward making different life-

  style choices. These solutions create the ethical outcome of ending the suffering of these

  animals, which will have a positive influence on society and culture.

   

   

  Problem

  Animal testing has been deemed necessary for many reasons. Animal testing has

  been done to determine the safety of household cleaning products, cosmetics including

  The introduction should introduce your topic and share the societal problem that you see. At the end of the introduction, you should state your thesis, which should include your proposed solution to the problem. You may also state the positive ethical effects of your proposed solution.

   

  The introduction ends with a the-

  sis statement that includes the

  student’s pro- posed solu- tion(s) to the societal prob- lem. She also

  has included the positive ethical outcome of the

  solution(s).

  The introduction includes a very brief discussion of why this is a

  societal problem.

   

  {

  } Use section headers for

  each of the major sections of your paper.

  Background

  Here, the student is

  introducing the topic of animal testing to the

  reader.

  This first body section of your paper should provide some background

  information on your topic and discuss why this is a societal problem.

   

   

  ANIMAL TESTING 3

  skin care, shampoo and makeup, as well as biomedical research that provides medicine

  and treatments for humans and pets alike. The BioIndustry Association (2002) argues that

  “Animal research has made a vital contribution to the development of medicines that save

  many lives every day” (Taylor, 2005, p. 7). In 1938 Congress passed the Food, Drug and

  Cosmetic Act because of public demands after tragic incidents involving an untested

  product (Why Do Companies Test Cosmetics or Other Products on Animals?, 2013).

  There have been many arguments and evidence that shows the “good” that animal re-

  search has done in regards to biomedical research. Studies involving dogs, rats, rabbits,

  cats, chickens, pigs and sheep have all helped to contribute to the understanding of heart

  disease. Drugs and vaccines that can be a possible solution to the devastating HIV/AIDS

  virus are present due to the tests that have been performed on chickens, cats and monkeys

  with a similar virus. Animals have been used as models for research for almost every dis-

  ease that is known to man (Lee, 2015). If animal testing has contributed to creating drugs

  for diseases as serious as cancer and HIV/AIDS, naturally animals are being used to find

  cures and treatments for many other diseases and sicknesses.

  Therefore, how could animal testing be wrong? Indeed, research has shown that

  animal testing is helpful to progress in the field of medicine and biomedical research as

  well as developing treatments that are yielding promising results. However, it comes with

  a high cost. It comes with the cost of animals being subjected to tests that put them

  through distress and can harm or kill them. Humans and animals are both sentient beings;

  sentient meaning a person or being that has feelings or that can feel (Sentient, 2015). Re-

  search shows that 37% percent of animals used for science suffer moderate to severe

  stress and discomfort or severe pain (National Statistics, 2014). When it comes to using

  This paragraph discusses the first reason that ani- mal testing is a societal problem and provides evi- dence to support this.

  Reason #1

  In this paragraph, the student has given the reader

  some background information on the

  topic.

   

   

  ANIMAL TESTING 4

  animals for science and experimentation, people tend to focus on the fact that non-human

  animals are inferior to humans. Regardless of whether or not this is true it does not take

  away from the fact that animals are sentient and that they experience pain and seek pleas-

  ure. Animals and people react to pain in similar ways by screaming or trying to avoid the

  source of the pain. “The American Veterinary Association defines animal pain as an un-

  pleasant sensory and emotional experience perceived as arising from a specific region of

  the body and associated with actual or potential tissue damage” (Dunnuck, n.d, para. 6).

  Some of the animals used in biomedical research are not given any pain relief. They are

  subjected to painful conditions and physical procedures that leave them in intense cold or

  heat, or have limbs crushed and spinal cords damaged (Callanan, 2009). Pain and suffer-

  ing are unique to every individual. Every person’s and even animal’s pain threshold is

  different. However, evidence clearly shows the pain that is experienced by these animals

  is experienced the same way that it is in humans.

  Physical pain is unfortunately not the only problem that these animals undergo.

  Psychological distress, fear, and sadness have been demonstrated amongst a wide variety

  of species (Ferdowisiann & Beck, 2011). The use of chimpanzees and other primates for

  animal testing has generated a lot of controversy because of their similarities to humans.

  Ironically enough, it is also the reason that so many researchers have wanted to use them

  as models. Indeed chimpanzees are highly emotional and intelligent creatures that are

  evolutionarily and genetically similar to human beings. This is the argument of research-

  ers that makes them great candidates for biomedical research. Philosophy Department

  Chair Lori Gruen states, “They’re very similar to us in terms of their emotional lives and

  This next para- graph discusses a second reason that animal testing is a societal prob- lem and again provides evidence to support this.

  Reason #2

   

   

  ANIMAL TESTING 5

  their intellectual and physical and social experiences, and using them in painful, invasive

  ways is to harm them; they don’t consent to it” (Lee, 2015, p. 3).

  Besides the obvious reasons of the pain and suffering that these animals feel, there

  is the question of the necessity for animal testing in regards to medical advances. Despite

  the increasing number of technological alternatives to animal testing, over 100 million

  animals are legally used for animal experiments each year for medical research alone. In

  2007, England, Wales and Scotland used 3.1 million animals for genetic and biomedical

  experimentation (Callanan, 2009). In October of 2006 attendees of the opening day of the

  Joint World Congress for Stroke in Cape Town, South Africa were devastated at the fail-

  ure of a drug that was intended for ischemic stroke. The drug, NXY-059, had reached

  phase III of clinical trials and failed to do what the animals used for the research had

  promised. The drug was supposed to “stop the cascade of the necrosis in the event of a

  stroke, and protect the remaining viable brain cells” (Gawrylewski, 2007, para. #). Direc-

  tor of Michigan Alzheimer’s Diseases Research Center in the Department of Neurology

  at the University of Michigan Sid Gilman says that one of the major faults in the trials for

  NXY-059 was its use of animal models (Gawrylewski, 2007). Besides the millions of

  dollars wasted, there was a waste of life and unnecessary use of animals for painful re-

  search. This is one of many examples of disappointing let-downs of drugs that were test-

  ed on animals that did not work.

   

  Solution

  Considering the horrific psychological and physical pain that animals have to go

  through in the midst of testing for biomedical research, alternative testing methods are in

  Reason #3 This paragraph discusses a third reason that ani- mal testing is a problem.

  Evidence is used to support this.

  Solution #1

  This next section of your paper is where you will discuss your proposed solu- tion(s) to the problem.

   

   

   

  ANIMAL TESTING 6

  order. According to Callanan (2009), there has been much successful research and many

  tests done to help find treatments for diseases and sicknesses that have plagued humans

  and did not involve animal testing. Many scientists have started and are continuing to de-

  velop alternate ways to test and find treatments for people because they do not want to

  harm animals. Some of these new developments include cell cultures, analytical technol-

  ogy, micro-organisms, computer models, population research, and volunteer studies. Cell

  cultures have contributed to the understanding of cancer, Parkinson’s, and HIV/AIDS.

  Analytical technology uses equipment that selects anti-cancer and anti-malaria drugs be-

  cause of the reaction it produces with DNA. Computer models are allowing for virtual

  experiments to be conducted (Callanan, 2009). Tissue engineering is also an alternative to

  animal testing. It uses a 3-D skin equivalent that is physiologically comparable to skin. It

  investigates wound healing melanoma research, infection biology, analysis of infection,

  invasion of different pathological microorganisms and immunological, histological, and

  molecular-biological analysis. This study has been inspired by economical and ethical

  incentive (Mertsching et al, 2008). Animals are subjects for painful and uncomfortable

  vaccine success for human diseases. However, some researchers have begun to rely only

  on human data, cells and tissue. As far as vaccine development goes, researchers have set

  up a surrogate in-vitro human immune system to help predict an individual’s immune re-

  sponse to certain drugs and vaccines. This test has been compared with data from animal

  experimentation and has proven to produce more accurate pre-clinical data (Ferdowsian

  & Beck, 2011). This evidence shows that alternative ways to test treatments are in fact

  possible and even better, making testing on animals more of a choice than a necessity.

  In this paragraph, the student dis- cusses her first solution. You can see that she used several pieces of evi- dence to support her argument that this solution is viable.

   

   

  ANIMAL TESTING 7

  Along with alternatives to animal testing, there are alternative lifestyle choices

  that can prevent people from having to use the drugs that are being tested on animals.

  Naturally there are some things that are out of people’s control including genetics and

  accidents that cause serious bodily harm. However, there is the choice to exercise, eat

  healthy, and engage in healthy behavior and activities that will prevent a lot of diseases

  that call for people to use some of the drugs that tested on animals. Complementary and

  alternative as well as integrative healthcare include preventative healthcare, and natural

  remedies to help treat the physical body as well as treating the mental state. Having better

  habits can help to eliminate some of the issues that these medicines that torture animals

  can be good for. For instance, headaches and migraines are a common problem unfortu-

  nately. According to the International Headache Society, 46% of the adult population suf-

  fers from regular headaches 11% suffers from migraines while about 46% suffers from

  tension headaches (as cited in Adams & Lui, 2013). Also noted is that the most common

  way that people treat headaches and migraines is through conventional medicines that

  include acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that

  may cause a plethora of issues including dry mouth, constipation, seizures, and weight

  gain. These are also some of the things that they induce animals with in order to see if the

  drugs they are giving out work. There are several different alternative methods to treating

  headaches in migraine including drinking more water, having a healthier diet, acupunc-

  ture, massage therapy, yoga, meditation, and breathing exercises. These are all cruelty

  free and have been shown to help people (Adams & Lui, 2013). Again, these alternative

  and preventative treatments offer a solution to the problem of animal testing.

   

  Solution #2 In this paragraph, the student dis- cusses her second proposed solution.

  You can see that she used several pieces of evi- dence to support her argument that this solution is viable.

   

   

  ANIMAL TESTING 8

   

   

  Evaluation of the Evidence

  The evidence used here is all valid and reliable and without bias. The majority of

  sources used here are scholarly, peer-reviewed articles which makes them both valid and

  reliable. There are also a few sources used here that would be considered popular sources.

  However, the information used from these sources is valid and reliable because these

  sources are secondary sources where the evidence used from them was provided by relia-

  ble organizations. For example, one source (Sentient, 2015) was used only to provide a

  definition to the reader for background information. This definition is valid and reliable.

  Another source (Why Do Companies Test Cosmetics or Other Products on Animals,

  2013) was used to provide background information on the 1938 Food, Drug and Cosmet-

  ic Act, which is also valid and reliable information. A third source was also used to pro-

  vide a definition for background information (Dunnuck, n.d). This definition is from the

  American Veterinary Association and is valid and reliable. While some of the sources can

  be seen as having biases, I do not feel that any of the evidence presented here from these

  sources is biased in any way. For example, some of the authors may very well feel

  strongly that animals should not be tested, but the evidence used was not based solely on

  opinion. Instead, it was based on facts, studies, and experts in the field. For this reason, I

  do not feel that the evidence used here contains biases. The real strength of each of my

  sources is that they did include valid and reliable evidence and they were not simply ap-

  pealing to the emotions of the reader. The main weakness of the sources is that some

  failed to provide alternative viewpoints to their argument.

  In this section evaluate all of the evidence you used by discussing the validity, reliability, and any biases. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of your sources. Interpret and discuss the statistical data you used and explain it to your reader. You may even want to use visual representations such as graphs or charts to show statistics. Then, point out the limitations of current research and attempt to indicate areas for future research.

  Be sure to use a topic sentence for each of your

  body paragraphs to indicate the focus of the paragraph.

  The student has discussed why the evi- dence used in the paper is valid and reli- able and has discussed several sources indi- vidually to show this.

  Here, the stu- dent discusses any possible biases of the evidence pre- sented in the paper.

  Strengths and weaknesses of the sources are also pre- sented.

   

   

  ANIMAL TESTING 9

  Several of the sources provide statistical data that needed to be interpreted. The

  statistic from National Statistics (2014) about the percentage of animals for science that

  suffer can be seen in the following graph:

  This statistical evidence shows that while there are certainly animals used for research

  that are not suffering, more than 37% are suffering, which is more than a third of all of

  these animals. These statistics provide evidence that show a concrete percentage of the

  suffering that is occurring.

  The future of biomedical research can continue to make advances without causing

  harm and suffering to sentient beings. However, more research will need to be done to

  find additional alternatives and to make the most out of the current alternatives. There is

  also limited research on preventative measures of healthcare related to the issue of animal

  testing. It would be useful to see more correlation studies done on preventative medicine

  and a drop in the need for biomedical testing.

   

   

   

  In this paragraph, the student inter- prets statistical data from a source and also provides a graph to show a visual representation of this data. Be sure to cite any visual data that you include.

   

  Here, the stu- dent states some of the limitations of current re- search on the topic and/or areas where more research is needed.

   

   

   

  ANIMAL TESTING 10

  Ethical Outcomes of Solution

  The issue about the physical and emotional pain that animals feel during animal

  testing has been considered by supporters a “necessary evil.” This offers insight to a utili-

  tarian view of why we use animals for testing purposes. Utilitarianism is the idea that

  when there is a choice between two acts, the one chosen should yield the greatest amount

  of happiness for the greatest number of people (Mosser, 2013). There is an obvious corre-

  lation with this way of thinking when it comes to animal research. Throughout different

  studies involving the opinions and thoughts on animal testing, people use words like “re-

  grettably” or phrases like “necessary evil.” The BioIndustry Association (2002) states,

  “If we are to develop effective new treatments against mass killers such as cancer and

  heart disease, regrettably [animal testing] will continue to be necessary for the foreseea-

  ble future” (Taylor, 2005, p. 7). The utilitarian view claims that despite whether people’s

  acts are morally right or wrong, the results, consequences, or effects of the acts shown

  will determine the morality of what is done (Regan, 1997). The theory of utilitarianism

  shows that ending animal testing would lead to a negative outcome for society because it

  could cause more people to suffer.

  Ending animal suffering is clearly a positive ethical outcome, and the solutions of

  alternative testing and alternative lifestyles can create this outcome. One of the issues that

  animal activist have with this practice is that animals are sentient beings who feel and are

  very aware of what is happening to them. They feel pain and fear in knowing that they

  are being harmed. It has been shown in research and is no secret that animals are sentient

  and feel pain and react to pain virtually the same way that humans do. It presents an ethi-

  cal dilemma because animal testing inflicts pain, suffering, and death to non-consenting

  This first para- graph of this sec- tion shares an argument that could be consid- ered a negative ethical outcome to her proposed so- lutions.

  This second par- agraph of this section shares an argument that could be consid- ered a positive ethical outcome to her proposed so- lutions.

  Negative Outcomes

  Positive Outcomes

  For this section of the paper, the stu- dent discusses ethical arguments for and against implementing her proposed solutions. In this section, you can refer to ethical theories as well as your own personal ideas about what is ethical or unethical.

   

   

  ANIMAL TESTING 11

  sentient beings (Masterton, 2014). Their lives obviously mean something to them due to

  the noticeable depression they are in when under the conditions of tortuous research. Re-

  gardless of the good that animal testing has done, it does not take away from the fact that

  pain and suffering is involved to the beings that are a part of it. Using alternative testing

  practices and adopting alternative lifestyles of preventative care can help eliminate the

  need for harming animals in the name of medicine.

  The positive ethical outcome of ending the suffering of animals in the name of

  medicine outweighs the argument that testing animals provides the greatest good for the

  greatest number. The reason for this is that the argument for the negative ethical outcome

  can actually be avoided by using alternative testing measures. We can still continue to

  test medicines and treatments without the use of animals. Scientist and researchers alike

  are developing and testing new alternatives without having to set back all of the hard

  work that has already been done and these alternatives have been successful. Finding

  ways to treat and heal alternatively removes the horror of animal testing. Therefore, this

  “necessary” evil is not necessary after all. And the greatest good for the greatest number

  can still be reached without making animals suffer. Also, the solution of changing our

  lifestyles to prevent needing so much medicine will lead to the greatest good for the

  greatest number as well.

  Conclusion

  While animal testing is a social concern for our society and culture, there are

  ways that we can and should work to eliminate this. One major way to do this is by re-

  searching and investing in alternative testing measures. There are alternatives that cur-

  rently exist and are being used, but this needs to continue at a greater rate. The cost of

  In this section, summarize the main points made in your paper.

   

  Here, the stu- dent has shown a rationale for why her pro- posed solution will produce a positive ethical outcome.

  Rationale

   

   

  ANIMAL TESTING 12

  delaying this is the unnecessary suffering of innocent animals. We should also continue

  with the current trend of investing in preventative healthcare such as living a healthy life-

  style to help eliminate illnesses and the need for medicines. We now know more than ev-

  er about the benefits and risks of certain foods, products, and behaviors and we are in a

  greater position to use this for the good of all living beings. This is an important issue to

  tackle because the way that we treat those who are not in a position of power, such as an-

  imals, reflects on our identity and who we are as a culture and a society. Our character is

  in question if we continue to allow unnecessary suffering to animals to happen.

   

  The student ends her pa- per by stating why this is an important conversation.

   

   

   

  ANIMAL TESTING 13

  References

  Adams, J., Barbery, G., & Lui, C. (2013). Complementary and alternative medicine use

  for headache and migraine: A critical review of the literature. Headache: The Jour-

  nal Of Head & Face Pain, 53(3), 459-473 15p. doi:10.1111/j.1526-

  4610.2012.02271.x.

  Callanan, C. (2009). Tests on trial. Nursing Standard, 23(21), 19-21.

  Dunnuck, H. (n.d). Save the animals: Stop animal testing. Retrieved from

  http://www.lonestar.edu/stopanimaltesting.htm

  Ferdowsian, H. R., & Beck, N. (2011). Ethical and scientific considerations regarding

  animal testing and research. PLoS One, 6(9), 1-4.

  doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024059.

  Gawrylewski, A. (2007, July 1). The trouble with animal models. The Scientist. Retrieved

  from http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/25184/title/The-Trouble-

  with-Animal-Models/

  Lee, M. (2015, Mar 26). Animal testing poses ethical questions. University Wire

  Masterton, M., Renberg, T., & Kälvemark Sporrong, S. (2014). Patients’ attitudes to-

  wards animal testing: “To conduct research on animals is, I suppose, a necessary

  evil”. BioSocieties, 9(1), 24-41. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/biosoc.2013.39

  Mertsching, H., Weimer, M., Kersen, S., & Brunner, H. (2008). Human skin equivalent

  as an alternative to animal testing. GMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinaer, 3, 1-

  4.

  National Statistics (2014, July 10). Statistics of scientific procedures on living animals,

  Great Britain 2013. Retrieved from

   

   

  ANIMAL TESTING 14

  https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/statistics-of-scientific-procedures-on-

  living-animals-great-britain-2013

  Regan, T. (1997). The rights of humans and other animals. Ethics & Behavior, 7(2), 103.

  Sentient (2015). In the academic world book. Retrieved from the World Book Academic

  database.

  Taylor, R. (2005). Testing drugs on animals: A test case for socially responsible invest-

  ment. Business Ethics: A European Review, 14(2), 164-175. doi:10.1111/j.1467-

  8608.2005.00400.x.

  Why do companies test cosmetics or other products on animals? (2013). Retrieved from

  http://www.animalresearchcures.org/testing.htm