RESEARCH APPLICATION
Attitudes Toward Preparing Youth Sport Coaches to Work With Athietes with Hidden Disabiiities
Margaret M. Flores, Ph.D., BCBA-D Auburn University Robbi Beyer, Ph.D. California State University at Los Angeles Tiffanye M. Vargas, Ph.D. ‘ The University of Texas at San Antonio
Approximately 10% of children in the United States have a disability that includes varying levels of deficit in the areas of language processing, attention, impulse control, and motor control (U.S. Departnient of Education, 2007; Center for Disease Control,2003).Thesedisabilities might include specific learning disabilities, emotional behavioral disorders,’mild intellectual disabilities, and speech/language disabilities. A common feature of all of these disabilities is that there are few outward or visible signs of their disability in settings outside of the educational set- ting. Children with hidden disabilities’ (HD) learning differences may impact their performance and/or enjoyment in youth sports (e.g., attending to instruction, learning and remembering new vocabulary, plays and sequences of motor movements). Youth sport coaches, who are community volunteers (McCallister, Blinde, & Kolenbrander, 2000) may not have the background or training to recognize athletes with HD’s needs or be able to change their instruction.
The work by Vargas-Tonsing, Flores, and Beyer (2008) on youth sport coaches’ efficacy with regard to coaching athletes with ADHD paved the way for this current pilot study. The results indicated that coaches who reported having previous experience with children and youth with ADHD (usually as a family member) repo’rted higher efficacy than those with less experience. Beyer, Flores, and Vargas-Tonsing (2008) also found that coaches demonstrated more positive attitudes when they had previous experience working with athletes with ADHD. This is consistent with other researchers’ findings regarding limited coaching preparation or training (McCallister et al., 2000; Tinning, 1997)] ‘
In order to provide such training, coachihg educators and administrators within youth sport organizations must recognize that athletes with HD will participate and that coaches should be able to work with all athletes Flores, Vargas-Tonsing, & Beyer (under review) investigated the attitudes of coaching educators/ administrators toward athletes with HD. The researchers found that coaching educators/administrators felt coaches should make ^ accommodations for athletes with HD, but that coaching cer- tificate programs did not provide adequate preparation to coach this population. Although this study provided some insight into administrators’ attitudes, their beliefs regarding specific strate- gies and plans for thé development of adequate training were unknown. Therefore,!the purpose of this study was to collect quantitative data, as iwell as qualitative responses, regarding coaching educators/administrators’ attitudes towards coaching preparation that includes accommodations and strategies for athletes with HD. I ‘
Method Participants
Participants were 36 (18 males, 18 females) attending a national coaching education conference and were members of the National Council for the Accreditation of Coaching Education (NCACE). Their collective educational levels were Ph.D. (n = 20), M.A ./M.S.
(«=14),andB.A./B.S.(/7 = 2).
Measures
Quantitative data were collected using the Coaching Education Administrators’ Attitudes toward Athletes with Diverse Characteristics, adapted from Kozub and Porretta’s (1998). The participants were asked to respond to 11 questions on a five point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5(strongly agree). Qualitative data were collected through an open ended response section of the survey. Here the participants were asked to provide their opinion on the inclusion of coaching methods for training athletes with HD during their training curriculum. .
Results With regard to participation, the majority of respondents
(70-83%) agreed or strongly agreed athletes with HD have the right to be included in interscholastic sports, did not need better athletic skills, and participation should be allowed with a no-cut policy. Participants overwhelmingly agreed athletes with HD’s participation in traditional sporting activities would not diminish the experience of those without disabilities.
When considering the coaches’ preparation they felt unpre- pared and wanted resources to help with this training. Thirty of thirty-six (83%) declared themselves inadequately prepared to coach athletes with HD, did not feel coaching certification programs offered adequate preparation of skills needed to coach this population (77%), and strongly supported (92%) preparation within a college undergraduate preparation curriculum.
Five themes emerged from the open ended section of the sur- vey: (a) the need for improved coaching education within youth sports; (b) the need for improved methods of dissemination of resources and professional development; (c) enthusiasm for the development of curriculum related to the needs of athletes with HD; (d) general concern of the high volume of athletes with HD in youth sports; and (e) frustration regarding unnecessary labels, such as HD. These themes were consistent with the quantitative data in their call for increased education for youth sport coaches. However, the need for preparation was further deñned and clari- fied. Through these themes, participants reported that they were aware that many children with HD partici- pate in youth sports, coaches should be better prepared to work with athletes with HD and there were issues related to disseminating this information to youth sport coaches.
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RESEARCH APPEICATION
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Discussion
The findings from this pilot study underscore the need for improved coaching education to meet the needs of all children who participate in youth sports. Support exists from educators/administrators to inelude content regarding athletes with HD within training programs for youth sport coaches. Professional orga- nizations which produce certifications or training for youth sport coaches should consider expanding their training curriculum to include all athletes. This sup- port is crucial if coaching educators/administrators and researchers wish to make youth sports accessible to all athletes.
Dr. Margaret Flores is associate professor of special education. Her research interests include interventions for students with high incidence disabilities. Dr. Robbi Beyer is an associate professor of adapted physical education and pedagogy. Her Research interests include pedagogy for special populations, changing attitudes ofpre service teachers and coaches working with individuals who have disabilities, and the effects of early perceptual motor training on academic readiness. Dr. Tiffanye Vargas is an associate professor of sport psychology. Her research interests are coaching education, coach- and athlete- efßcacy, and verbal persuasion.
Practical Applications
The following are topics that could be included preparation of youth sport coaches so that all athletes can participate.
• Structuring practice with predictable routines and transitions. For example, at the beginning of practice, tell athletes how practice will be struc- tured, support that description with a rotational chart and/or use a visual/auditory signal for tran- sitions.
• Position yourself close to the athlete to gain eye contact with the athlete while speaking. Eliminate extraneous stimuli by making sure the athlete with HD is free of distractions during instruction.
• Allow additional time for the athletes to respond, giving athletes with HD “think time.”
• Be explicit and consistent with the language and vocabulary used in explanations and directions. Avoid frequently changing terms or cue words. Clarify terms that appear to confuse the athlete with HD.
• Differentiate practice activities to accommodate for differences in athletes’ skills and abilities. For example, when practicing striking a baseball, allow some athletes to hit off the tee, some hit off the toss up and others try to hit off live pitching.
o Practice in a movement exploration envi- ronment where coaches ask all athletes to perform the skill together at their own abil- ity level (e.g. “dribble as fast as you can, as close to the floor as you can, from one cone to another”).
o Provide instruction that uses multiple for- mats such as verbal description, demonstrat- ing, or showing the athletes how a particular movement should feel since athletes with HD may have difficulty processing language or may need multiple exposures to informa- tion. For example, when showing a soccer player how to pass the ball, cue the athlete to attend to the feel where the ball hits his/her instep and then use correction cues to rein- force and improve the performance.
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