What is your understanding of the difference between self-efficacy and ability?

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otal assignment should be 6 pages plus a title and reference page

1.  People with a deliberative mindset are very good at thinking about what they need to do, whereas people who have developed an implemental mindset have the ability to narrow in on a specific goal or facets of a specific goal.  Considering an example from your own life, how might you develop a deliberative or implemental mindset to complement the mindset that you already use?

2.  What is your understanding of the difference between self-efficacy and ability?  Is there a difference?  Is the difference important? Give an original example to support your response.

3.  Imagine being a cognitively oriented therapist who has two clients. One client suffers from severe self-doubt about his capacity to cope successfully with the demands of college.  College is an overwhelming experience.  What strategies might you use to reverse his high doubt and replace it with high confidence?  The other client suffers from severe helplessness about her capacity to cope successfully with her boyfriend relationship.  Her boyfriend is unresponsive, and everything she tries to do to improve the relationship seems to fall on a deaf ear.  What strategies might you use to reverse her high helplessness and replace it with mastery motivation?

4.  Suppose you are a counselor at a summer camp for delinquent pre-teenage boys who lack any occupational aspirations and exhibit antisocial interaction styles.  You are having a meeting to brainstorm how to use the possible selves literature to provide these boys with an expanded view of their future selves.  Would this meeting be a good idea or a bad idea, and why? Include a discussion of the biological basis of antisocial behavior.

5.  In the following example, explain why the emotion of fear/terror rather than the physiological need for air is the primary motivator: A child puts a sweater on over his head, it gets stuck, and the child experiences a moment of air deprivation.  He then shows panic-like emotion and finally coping behavior. Differentiate between the emotional and biological aspects of the child’s reaction.

6.  Discuss the “cognition versus biology” debate in the study of emotion.  Outline first the cognitive position and then the biological position.  Discuss one possible, satisfying resolution to the cognition versus biology debate, using an original example to illustrate this resolution.

Behavior Therapy Disscussion

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Running Head: BEHAVIOR THERAPY 9

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Title: Behavior Therapy

Student’s Name:

Professor’s Name:

Date:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Behavior Therapy

1. In your own words, explain the differences between pos & neg punishment, and extinction, and give an example of each from your work or home setting. Post a minimum of 300 words.

There are various ways that a person can be punished after doing something is not following partial standards. Some of the punishments techniques used are aimed at improving the behavior of the person or just teaching the person a lesson as well as showing other people that going against the set principles is wrong. When a manager, for instance, is not pleased by the behavior of a particular person, he/she might decide to punish the person. The most common techniques of punishments that are used to punish people include the negative and the positive punishment as well as the extinction technique.

Positive punishment is among the most common type of punishment that is used in most cases. This is a kind of punishment where the person who had done something unpleasant is made to undergo some discomforts by which make the person to change the banding behavior (Spiegler, 2015). This is directly aimed at making the person fear or dislike doing something bad in fear of undergoing a tough or unpleasant experience. For example, when a student fails his/her examinations, the teacher can make him clean the class alone.

The negative punishment, on the other hand, entails taking away something that used to motivate a person after he/she has done something wrong. Everyone is willing to keep something that makes him/her happy. When the thing is removed from someone, he/she may feel unhappy or a bit challenged. For example, when an employee in an organization fails to meet the set goals, he can be demoted at his workplace.

Extinction, on the other hand, involves a situation where even if a person does something bad, there is nothing is done to the person. This is a unique way of punishing people because it makes the person individually rectifies his behavior. For example, a situation where an employee reports to work late then the manager just ignores it and does not punish the person nor even talk about it.

2. Briefly discuss how shaping and differential reinforcement are used in tandem to change behavior, and give an example of how this might be done. Post a minimum of 300 words.

There are various ways in which the good behavior of a person can be promoted and encouraged. It is good to recognize and also reward good behavior that has been made by a person. When one’s good effort is recognized, the person feels more motivated and encouraged to perform better in the future. Shaping is one of the basic techniques that are used in changing or influencing good behavior in a person. This entails a process where a person is rewarded after achieving a particular thing even if he/she does not perfectly meet the target or the expectation. This is where a person is rewarded for a good trail and a great willingness to achieve or perfectly meet the set target. In a real-life situation, a human being tries to achieve various things. To help them remain in the truck, they set targets and goals which they aim at reaching after a particular time. Some of the set goals are very great and they require a lot of effort for them to be perfectly achieved. However, in one way or the other, the set goals are not achieved as they were initially set. Failure to hit the target is not always associated with laziness or lack of willingness but in some cases, the person trying to meet the target might lack the potential or capability to do so. In that way, the person might miss the target slightly and the manager can decide to reward the person for the achievement. For example, if a salesperson has been assigned a duty to sell five cars per month, the person can sell three then the manager decides to reward him/her for the good trial.

On the other hand, differential reinforcement involves rewarding a person after he/she has perfectly met the target. For example, if the salesperson is required to sell five vehicles per month and he achieves this, the manager rewards him/her.

3. Is aggression behavior learned? Discuss/explain 2 reasons for your answer, give 1 example. Post a minimum of 200 words.

Yes, aggression behavior is not leaned. Aggression is when a person or an animal becomes very hostile and can easily cause hard to others (Huesmann, 2013). In some situations, a person might start acting in very strange ways such as fighting, verbally abusing people or even forcing people to do various things. Aggression is mostly caused by fear, stress as well as anxiety. The main reason why aggression is not learned is the fact that the causal factors of it are natural and cannot be controlled by external forces but can only be controlled by the person. For example, a person might become very aggressive when he/she is in great fear. For example, when one is attacked by robbers, one can become very aggressive towards them and try to attack them in fear that they might harm him/her. In addition to that, when someone is stressed, he/she might start showing aggressive behavior to the people around him/her. A good example is when security personnel such as a military person has been in the war zone for a long period then he/she is stressed up, the person can start becoming aggressive to other people. Besides, aggression is not leaned because aggressive people just show aggressiveness at particular times but it is not a behavior to them (Hantula & Wells, 2014).

4. Describe a behavior you engage in, analyze it in terms of the three-term contingency, explaining the relationship among the discriminative stimulus(S-D) – behavior – outcome (reinforcer), and how this relationship would be different from S-Delta as the antecedent stimulus condition, vs. S-D. Post a minimum of 300 words.

I like playing football and every time an not at work, I go to the nearby stadium to play with my fellow friends. This is a behavior that I had for a long period since I was a teenager. By then, I highly wanted to become a professional footballer and gain a lot of popularity across the world. I would practice day in day out still aiming at representing my country in international competition. At school, I was among the best football players in the situation that motivated me to try and achieve my goals in life. At school, I was often rewarded for been a special and unique player the fact that made me be recruited by a local football club. My professional football career made a very important turn when I had a call to represent my country in international tournaments when I was just 19 years of age. Later on, I got a very serious injury which ruined my professional football career. I later joined the nursing profession. However, I still have a great liking of football and I hope that in the future, I will be able to represent my country in great tournaments and also play for huge and famous clubs. The reinforcers that make me keep practicing football skills is to represent my country in international football tournaments and also play for big and famous football clubs.

In the S-Delta (SD), usually, the behavior is not reinforced. In my case, there are some instances where I am not motivated by various factors. The injury that I got greatly affected me and it has made it almost impossible for me to gain the stamina and power that I had before I got the injury. This is why at times; I do not have any reinforcement even when I am constantly practicing and exercising in the field.

5. Explain/describe how a DRO procedure could be used in tandem with a positive reinforcement procedure to reduce a behavior problem: Define the behavior and describe the methods you would use. Post a minimum of 300 words.

Bad or undesired behavior in an organization, for instance, can result in very bad and poor outcomes in the organization. it is therefore important to make sure that bad behavior is eliminated. Various ways can be used to make sure that bad behavior in an organization is never repeated. Employees might get themselves doing things that are not following the set standards in the organization. The management decides to use various forms of rectifying or preventing an occurrence of the undesired behavior.

The DRO technique is among the widely used rewarding techniques. It is widely used together with the positive reinforcement procedures to ensure that bad behavior is eliminated in an organization. DRO entails rewarding a person when he/she does not show undesired behavior during a particular period (Dennison, 2015). This is where a previous undesired behavior had been noted then the manager in an organization meets with the employee who had recorded undesired behavior then they discuss the situation. There is an agreement that the employee will not show the unwanted behavior within a stipulated or set period. When the employee achieves this, the manager rewards him/her.

DRO can be used together with positive reinforcement whereby the worker is rewarded for doing what is wanted by the company. Logically, when an employee is not doing against the will of the organization, he/she is doing something good for the organization. For example, if an employee used to get late to work and then there is an agreement with the manager that he/she will not get late again, the employee is, therefore, showing a positive behavior which can be rewarded through positive reinforcement methods such as been promoted in the job or been given more salary. This has been widely been used and has achieved a lot in various organizations.

6. Herrnstein’s Matching Law (concurrent schedules of reinforcement) has tremendous implications for using reinforcement-based behavior change methods in applied environments. Assume you have implemented a behavior change procedure in an applied environment (home, clinic, or classroom) using a token economy. Regarding the potency of your reinforcers, what must be considered if your plan is not working, and what is at least one change you could implement to make it work? Post a minimum of 250 words.

Sometimes, a behavior change procedure might fail to work as planned. It is therefore important to make sure that when a behavior change procedure does not work, one should make other changes in the plan and make it work better. For example, behavior change procedure whereby I have set a target that every Saturday, I have to my family for dinner in a neighboring town. To achieve this, I make sure that I save some money to cater for this activity. My saving behavior has been enhanced by this behavior whereby I am eager and willing to save a lot of money so that I can make my family happy. The reinforcer here is taking my family for dinner.

In case the plan is not working and I am not able to save enough for taking my family for dinner, I would consider using another type of reinforcer. Now I can decide to have a plan whereby I target to buy a vehicle after a certain period. This target would make me save a lot so that I can achieve it. I like driving but at the moment I do not own a car. My love for cars would make me save a lot and this would act as my reinforcer. Sometimes a behavior change plan might fail because the reinforcer might not be what the person likes most. It is therefore important to align one’s hobby with the reinforcers in a particular behavior change plan.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Dennison, P. (2015). YOU CAN TRAIN YOUR DOG! MASTERING THE ART & SCIENCE OF MODERN DOG TRAINING. Wenatchee, WA: Dogwise Publishing.

Hantula, D. A., & Wells, V. K. (2014). Consumer Behavior Analysis: (A) Rational Approach to Consumer Choice. Routledge.

Huesmann, L. (2013). Aggressive Behavior: Current Perspectives. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media.

Spiegler, M. D. (2015). Contemporary Behavior Therapy. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

What methods should Barbara use to ensure confidentiality in the context of group counseling?

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Directions: Read the four scenarios below. Provide a 75-150-word response to each question in all four of the scenarios presented below. Use the ACA and NAADAC Codes of Ethics and other scholarly resources to support your responses. You must provide at least one properly formatted APA citation and accompanying reference to support your response for each scenario.

Scenario One:  Barbara is a licensed professional counselor (LPC) working for a nonprofit social service agency. Many of the clients in the agency are female domestic violence victims. The director of the agency has asked Barbara to develop a counseling group to serve the needs of these individuals.

Question One: What ethical matters should Barbara consider as she plans this group?

Question Two: What methods should Barbara use to ensure confidentiality in the context of group counseling?

Question Three: If breaches of confidentiality occur, how should Barbara manage them?

Scenario Two: David is a licensed professional counselor (LPC) and a licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT) working for a family counseling center. Steve, one of his adult clients, would like to begin couples counseling with his wife.

Question One: What ethical matters should David consider before beginning to see Steve and his wife?

Question Two: What special issues of confidentiality may arise in the case? How should David address these issues?

Question Three: How might differences in personal values and gender/cultural issues create ethical dilemmas in this case?

Scenario Three: Stephanie is a licensed professional counselor (LPC) who has decided to start a private practice as she transitions from public to private practice. As she makes her plans, there are many ethical issues she must consider. While these issues are of concern to all counselors, she must consider how they specifically impact a counselor in private practice.

Question One: How can she ethically handle limited resources, deal with cost containment issues, respond to discrimination, and promote community change?

Question Two: As a service provider, with what ethical issues and practices related to state insurance laws and managed care must she be familiar?

Question Three: What are the ethical obligations and limitations faced by a counselor who serves clients who have been the victim of discrimination, injustice, poverty, or lack of access to behavioral health services? What best practice community based interventions could she refer her clients to?

Section Four: Amari has recently passed her NCMHCE and will soon be considered an independent clinical practitioner. Her husband is in the military and they travel often. Amari hopes to strictly provide distance counseling in her private practice. She has never provided distance counseling nor does she know of anyone who does it. Rely heavily on Section H: Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media of the American Counseling Association’s Code of Ethics to consider the following.

 

Question One: What should Amari consider in regards to distance counseling?

References

*************I will be grading on content, word count, references, and citations. Please submit this in worksheet format. If you try to combine this into an essay it makes it difficult for me to grade. Do not use a lot of quotations. If nearly half of your responses are quoted material, I will deduct. I need to be able to grade your comprehension of the concepts so please paraphrase often (a few quotes are just fine!)******************

Discuss development of gender roles in at least three different areas of life

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Assignment: Gender Theories

There are several perspectives on gender development. These perspectives have been studied and formulated into theories. Freud led the way with psychodynamic theories of gender development suggesting that early childhood interaction with parents was the foundation of gender development. Social learning theories are founded in reinforcement and observational models suggesting that gender development is learned. Cognitive development theories suggest that gender differences develop by observation of gender consistencies, gender schemata, or gender scripts within a culture. Whatever the theory, gender roles differ in different cultures. Remember that culture includes age, religion, sexual orientation, etc., as well as race and ethnicity. In this Application Assignment, you will apply gender theory to gender development by comparing gender roles in different cultures and using theory to explain the difference.

To prepare for this assignment:

  • Review the assigned pages in Chapter 1 and all of Chapter 5 in the course text, Gender: Psychological Perspectives. Focus on how gender studies have evolved over the decades and the difference between the gender development theory perspectives.
  • Review the article, “Perspectives on Gender Development.” Focus on the limitations of traditional social learning and cognitive perspectives and what an expanded view might look like.
  • Select a specific culture (e.g., geographical, religious, racial, etc.) that is not your own. Using the Internet and the Walden Library, research gender roles for this culture.
  • Think about how each of the different theories of gender development might explain the development of the gender roles in the culture you have selected and for your own culture. Your text explores psychodynamic approaches, social learning theory approaches, and cognitive theory approaches.

The assignment (3–5 pages):

  • Briefly describe the specific culture you selected, focusing on the gender roles of both males and the females.
  • Compare (similarities and differences) the gender roles in the culture you selected with the gender roles in your own culture. Use clear, concrete examples to make your comparisons.
  • Apply one of the following theories to explain the development of the male and the female role in each of the two cultures (your own and the culture you selected). Use clear, concrete examples to illustrate your points.
  • Discuss development of gender roles in at least three different areas of life (e.g., family, work, community, etc.)
  • Select your theory from the following:
    • Social Learning Theory
    • Cognitive Developmental Theory
    • Gender Schema Theory
    • Gender Script Theory
  • Finally, summarize your thoughts about how well your selected gender development theory explains gender development and why.

Note: Support the responses within your Assignment with evidence from the assigned Learning Resources, including in-text citations. Provide a reference list for resources you used for this Assignment.

https://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-14410-002&site=eds-live&scope=site