Which of the following statements best illustrates the concept of the halo effect?
Student ID: 21898506
Exam: 250799RR – Psychology for Two or More
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Questions 1 to 20: Select the best answer to each question. Note that a question and its answers may be split across a page
break, so be sure that you have seen the entire question and all the answers before choosing an answer.
1. According to your text, whether you’re persuaded by a message will primarily depend on which factor?
A. The nature of the message as it relates to your temperament
B. Your characteristics, including your personality and intelligence
C. Your perception or understanding of the recipient of the message
D. Whether you receive the message while at work or at home
2. The concept of aggression cues is associated with
A. frustration-aggression theory.
B. social learning theories.
C. the work of animal behaviorist Konrad Lorenz.
D. observational learning theories.
3. In respect to the foundations of prejudice, social identity theory is associated with the concept of
A. modern racism.
B. ethnocentrism.
C. self-fulfilling prophecy.
D. stereotypical discrimination.
4. The first stage in the GAS model of stress is
A. adaptation.
B. analyzing a stressor.
C. alarm and mobilization.
D. resistance.
5. A popular talk show host, jovial and sharp-witted as usual, outlines his views on the death penalty,
taking time to consider both sides of the issue. As a long-time listener to that talk show, if you’re swayed to
adopt the talk-show host’s point of view, it will probably be due to
A. your temperament and character.
B. the character of the message.
C. the medium of the message (radio).
D. your tendency to employ peripheral route processing.
6. In hearing a persuasive message, some people will evaluate it in terms of factors that have nothing to do
with the content of the message. When this happens, psychologists speak of _______ route processing.
A. central
B. peripheral
C. incidental
D. inductive
7. In the context of stress, the flip side of an uplift is
A. background chaos.
B. a personal stressor.
C. any cataclysmic event.
D. a hassle.
8. Two psychology students are in a heated discussion about the nature of prejudice. Mavis insists that that
when people get their identity from membership in a political action group, they will generally express
ethnocentrism. Martin argues that with or without ethnocentrism, social identity based in group membership
is inevitably associated with the demonization of minority groups. Who is correct?
A. Martin is correct.
B. Neither Mavis nor Martin is correct.
C. Mavis is correct.
D. Both Mavis and Martin are correct.
9. In general, the approach to stress embraced by psychoneuroimmunologists focuses on
A. the brain and the immune system.
B. the outcomes of stress.
C. psychological factors and the immune system.
D. the brain and the body.
10. Mandy has decided that she has no control over the aversive stimuli she encounters at work and at
home day by day. Thus, she has given up trying to make her life better. Psychologists would say Mandy’s
worldview illustrates
A. problem-focused coping.
B. emotion-focused coping.
C. learned avoidant coping.
D. learned helplessness.
11. Which of the following statements best illustrates the concept of the halo effect?
A. On first meeting Sally, Harry recognized that he and Sally were like two peas in a pod.
B. After Clark missed the foul shot, Coach Smart told him to try practicing for a change.
C. Observing that Lois is argumentative and abrasive, Leopold assumes she is a skilled liar.
D. Grenville maintains that Hannibal’s faults lie not with the stars but within his character.
12. Which statement best expresses the concept of the self-serving bias?
A. We nearly always assume that other people’s failures are due to their personal characteristics.
B. We attribute our successes to our skills and abilities and our failures to external factors.
C. We assume that situational causes are brought about by the environment.
D. We tend to think other people are similar to us, even when we first meet them.
13. Jason and Julia are preparing for a quiz in Psychology 101. Jason recites four reasons for seeking out a
social support network. Julia, who has top grades in the class, gives her nod of approval to all but one of
Jason’s list. Which one is she most likely to reject?
A. Group members can help a participant with practical things like finding a new job.
B. Being a member of a social support network can help reduce a person’s stress levels.
C. Being in a social support network helps a person learn how to win arguments.
D. Support group membership can help a participant feel valued by others.
14. In the “teacher-learner” experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram, ______ percent of the
experimental subjects eventually applied the “lethal” 450-volt shock to the “learner.”
A. 15
B. 2
C. 65
D. 35
15. Aggressiveness builds up in people because of human nature. It can be safely expressed before it
reaches a “boiling point” through the catharsis offered by aggressive sports and games. These kinds of ideas
are associated with
A. frustration-aggression theory.
B. social learning theories.
C. observational learning theories.
D. instinct approaches to aggression.
16. Particular factors encourage people to be drawn into liking one another. In this context, the reciprocity
of liking effect is primarily associated with
A. propinquity.
B. similarity.
C. physical attractiveness.
D. exposure.
17. With respect to the theory of cognitive dissonance, people can hold contradictory ideas in their minds.
If you become aware of the dissonance between two ideas, you could pursue which of the following
strategies to reduce the dissonance?
A. You can tell yourself that the contradictory ideas are contradictory.
B. You can change the way you perceive the ideas by decreasing the importance of one of them.
C. You can modify your views of the two contradictory ideas.
D. You can repress one of the cognitions into your unconscious mind and go about your day.
18. On first meeting Ian Campbell from Edinburgh, Clark Mason, a native of Seattle, immediately decides
End of exam
that he and Ian have similar attitudes, feelings, and worldviews. Psychologists say this sort of thing
illustrates the
A. “birds of a feather” error.
B. assumed-similarity bias.
C. fundamental attribution error.
D. self-serving bias.
19. According to Sternberg, intimacy plus decision/commitment identifies
A. companionate love.
B. fatuous love.
C. liking.
D. true friendship.
20. As discussed in your textbook, the Implicit Association Test (IAT)
A. requires people to openly express and reveal their latent prejudices.
B. requires subjects to react to a series of black and white faces.
C. is based on a culture-free questionnaire.
D. has revealed that most people aren’t prejudiced.
