Why is it important to conduct empirical studies on the effectiveness of lay counseling?Article Review Forum 1 Topic: Lay Counseling Effectiveness Read the article, “Do Lay Christian Counseling Approaches Work? What We Currently Know” by Garzon & Tilley (2009) provided in this module/week. Also incorporate Clinton & Ohlschlager (2002) Chapter 18, Lay Helping, from your text into your answer. Garzon & Tilley (2009) provide a review of recent research on the effectiveness of a variety of lay counseling approaches. While the authors note that there is some empirical (research) support specific approaches, they also identify a general need for further study on the effectiveness of lay counseling. Based upon your reading of this article and information from Chapter 18 of the course text, please respond to each of the following questions: Why is it important to conduct empirical studies on the effectiveness of lay counseling? How might research on existing lay counseling approaches be used to further develop and improve the care that churches and Christian ministries are providing? How might you be able to partner with your local church, or another Christian counseling organization to produce some basic validation of current lay counseling approaches? Must reference both the article and the textbook Clinton ad Ohlschlager Volume One Competent Christian Counseling. No other outside references are needed. 350 words

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Article Review Forum 1

Topic: Lay Counseling Effectiveness

Read the article, “Do Lay Christian Counseling Approaches Work? What We Currently Know” by Garzon & Tilley (2009) provided in this module/week. Also incorporate Clinton & Ohlschlager (2002) Chapter 18, Lay Helping, from your text into your answer.

Garzon & Tilley (2009) provide a review of recent research on the effectiveness of a variety of lay counseling approaches. While the authors note that there is some empirical (research) support specific approaches, they also identify a general need for further study on the effectiveness of lay counseling. Based upon your reading of this article and information from Chapter 18 of the course text, please respond to each of the following questions:

  • Why is it important to conduct empirical studies on the effectiveness of lay counseling?
  • How might research on existing lay counseling approaches be used to further develop and improve the care that churches and Christian ministries are providing?
  • How might you be able to partner with your local church, or another Christian counseling organization to produce some basic validation of current lay counseling approaches?
  • Must reference both the article and the textbook Clinton ad Ohlschlager Volume One Competent Christian Counseling. No other outside references are needed. 350 words

Do you agree with the developmental theories that describe this age?

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200-400 words,  Pick an age: 1, 3, 7, 12, 15, 22, 35, 50, or 75.  Think of your own experience or the experiences of those you know at this age.  Consider the major developmental theories you learned about in this module (psychosocial, cognitive, and moral) and apply time to the age of your choosing.

Describe either your own experiences, experiences of someone else, or an imagined situation at this age and use appropriate terms and definitions from the module to describe that stage of development.  Be sure to identify the stage of development that you are discussing and those who have contributed to its development.

Do you agree with the developmental theories that describe this age?  Why or why not?

Psychology Article

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Unit VII Article Critique

This assignment provides you with an opportunity to analyze a real-world, peer-reviewed psychology journal article. You should find an article containing research that examines motivation, emotion, and social psychology.

Once you have chosen your article, you will write an article critique that addresses the following elements.

Explain the research methodology that was used in the study. Discuss social factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Indicate how behaviors and motivation are impacted by the presence of others. Indicate the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion and motivation. Examine the article’s generalizability to various areas of psychology.

In addition, your article critique should clearly identify the article’s premise and present an insightful and thorough analysis with strong arguments and evidence. You should present your own informed and substantiated opinion on the article’s content. You must use at least one source in addition to your chosen article to support your analysis and opinion.

Your article critique must be a minimum of two pages in length, not including the title and reference pages. All sources used must be properly cited. Your article critique, including all references, must be formatted in APA style.

Question 1

Do you believe that people’s actions are influenced by others? Why, or why not? Offer examples of certain actions or beliefs that you feel are consistent regardless of your social surroundings, and posit why you think they are not affected by social influences.

Coping And Support In Late Adulthood Chapter 12

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Chapter 12 Coping and Support in Late Adulthood

 

 

 

I.  Coping Strategies and Aging

 

          A.     Non-developmental Models of Coping

 

1.        Late adulthood presents new challenges as adults enter their elderly years

2.       One popular and long-standing way of describing cognitive coping strategies is through the use of coping mechanisms.

3.                  These mechanisms can range from the

a)       More deliberately used and adaptive, such as humor, to

b)       The more involuntary, immature, and maladaptive, such as extreme denial of a source of stress (Vaillant, 2000).

4.       Another way is to divide strategies by focus- Popular non-developmental models of coping

a)           Problem-focused category

(1)       Aimed at searching for workable solutions or resolutions to the issues creating the stress.

b)           Emotion-focused category

(1)       Generally used when the target or source of the stress cannot be changed or eliminated.

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/copingafteracancerdiagnosissept2014webinar-140912110303-phpapp02/95/coping-after-a-cancer-diagnosis-sept-2014-webinar-24-638.jpg?cb=1410520844

 

              B.   Developmental Regulation

1.       Developmental regulation

a)        Highlights differences between primary control, which peaks in middle adulthood, and secondary control, which increases in strength and effectiveness throughout adulthood

b)        Offers a strategy for maintaining a sense of personal control over our situation, which is likely to contribute to successful aging

c)        PRIMARY CONTROL generally involves outward or external actions,

d)    SECONDARY CONTROL involves deliberately adjusting our internal sense of self, identity, and motivation to cope with external changes (Heckhausen, 1997).

 

               C.    Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

1.      Most people maintain the size of their social support network until very late in life.

http://lewilliams.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/elderly-people-on-computer.jpg

2.       The socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) encourages older adults to cope by regulating their emotional responses, primarily by limiting their social interactions to those that are positive and supportive.

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/santrock-devpsych-chpt10-keynote-110221225334-phpapp01/95/santrockdev-psychchpt-10keynote-23-728.jpg?cb=1298329773

 

                D.    Selection, Optimization, and Compensation

1.    The Selection, Optimization, and Compensation SOC model encourages older adults to

a)      Survey their resources and select reasonable goals and priorities

b)      Optimize their resources with a focus on achieving those goals

c)       Use their resources to compensate for losses.

2.         While considered a meta-theory and applied to many areas of life, the SOC model is well suited as a coping strategy for older adults who are adjusting to limited resources and abilities.

http://images.slideplayer.com/17/5304225/slides/slide_34.jpg

II.            Coping by Accepting Social Support

 

                 A. Social Relationships and Support

 

1.  A helpful way to cope with the challenges of aging is to turn to trustworthy family members, friends, and neighbors.

 

2.  Social networks generally get smaller with age, but they will increase as an older adult experiences more disability and when a crisis occurs.

 

                  B.   A Closer Look at caregivers

1.  On average, those providing the most care are female, in their 60s, and either the spouse or the adult child of the care recipient.

2. Caregivers often provide over 40 hours of care per week for years, resulting for them in a restricted lifestyle with increased depression and stress.

 

III.             Religiosity, Coping, and Aging

 

                  A.   Religious Views of Aging

1.  There is a growing interest among researchers to understand the interactions between religiosity, health, coping, and aging.

 

                   B.   Adult Religious Development

1.   Most religious rites of passage are focused on childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood.

 

                                       C.    Coping and Religiosity

1.  Higher levels of religiosity and greater religious involvement have been found to be correlated with better physical and mental health, although the research conclusions have been mixed and are difficult to interpret.

 

Post Discussion: There are 3 types of nondevelopmental coping mechanisms: emotional focused, problem focused and avoidance. Evaluating yourself and those around you for a day or 2, which mechanism do you observe most often with adults? Do you observe a difference between men and women? Between co-workers and friends? Within your family? Where do we learn these coping mechanisms? Why do we distinguish between nondevelopmental and developmental coping? AND, why does the SOC model make more sense for older adults?