Essay—Little Albert and Classical Conditioning

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Week 3 Project: Essay—Little Albert and Classical Conditioning

There have been several classic experiments to study and describe classical conditioning; one of the more famous is the Little Albert experiment. Over the years, the experiment has lost some of its validity due to numerous interpretations by several introductory psychology textbooks. It is, therefore, beneficial to go back to the original (or primary) source and read what the authors of the experiment themselves had to say.

Copy and paste the following line in the South University Online Library Quick Search line: “conditioned emotional reactions” (in quotation marks).

The original article by Watson and Rayner was published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology in 1920. There is a reprint of the original article which can be found in the South University Online Library. Here is the reference for the article reprint: Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (2000). Conditioned Emotional Reactions. American Psychologist, 55(3), 313-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.55.3.313

Help finding article in Library

Read the article and answer the following questions:

  • In the study, what are unconditioned stimulus (US), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR)?
  • Explain the concept of generalization in regards to Watson and Rayner’s ability to condition Albert to react to different stimuli such as masks, other animals, and a fur coat?
  • Using examples from the study, explain the concept of extinction.

Make sure you cite the article (see above for reference) you read as well as the textbook (used to explain classical conditioning).

Submit your essay in a Microsoft Word document to the Submissions Area by the due date assigned. Cite your sources on a separate page using the APA format.

Paper discusses psychological issues from both papers intelligently and methodically

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Module 01 General Psychology Credit by Assessment

Instructions

Psychology is a contemporary science. Listed below are several recent papers. For the first part of this assignment, choose two papers to briefly summarize in a paragraph each, focusing on the contribution each makes to psychological knowledge in general.

The second part of the paper should be a discussion of the contributions and limitations of the field of psychology in our general knowledge. In addition, please discuss the follow;

  • What can we expect to learn in the future?
  • What are the possible problems we may face with psychology in the future?

This paper should be 2-3 pages in length and use APA formatting (cover page, paper body formatting, citations, and references: see Rasmussen’s APA guide in the Resources tab, or by clicking here. Prior to submitting your paper, be sure you proofread your work to check your spelling and grammar. If you use any outside sources, please site those sources in APA citation format.

Ponder, J. D., & Haridakis, P. (2015). Selectively social politics: The differing roles of media use on political discussion. Mass Communication & Society, 18(3), 281-302. doi:10.1080/15205436.2014.940977

Edlund, J. E. (2016). Invited editorial: Let’s do it again: A call for replications in Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research. Psi Chi Journal Of Psychological Research, 21(1), 59-61.

Edlund, J. E. (2016). Invited editorial: Let’s do it again: A call for replications in Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research. Psi Chi Journal Of Psychological Research, 21(1), 59-61.

Wolters, C. A., & Hussain, M. (2015). Investigating grit and its relations with college students’ self-regulated learning and academic achievement. Metacognition And Learning, 10(3), 293-311. doi:10.1007/s11409-014-9128-9.

Paper discusses psychological issues from both papers intelligently and methodically

Grading Rubric

  Module 01 General Psychology Credit by Assessment

Instructions

Psychology is a contemporary science. Listed below are several recent papers. For the first part of this assignment, choose two papers to briefly summarize in a paragraph each, focusing on the contribution each makes to psychological knowledge in general.

The second part of the paper should be a discussion of the contributions and limitations of the field of psychology in our general knowledge. In addition, please discuss the follow;

· What can we expect to learn in the future?

· What are the possible problems we may face with psychology in the future?

This paper should be 2-3 pages in length and use APA formatting (cover page, paper body formatting, citations, and references: see Rasmussen’s APA guide in the Resources tab, or by clicking here. Prior to submitting your paper, be sure you proofread your work to check your spelling and grammar. If you use any outside sources, please site those sources in APA citation format.

Ponder, J. D., & Haridakis, P. (2015). Selectively social politics: The differing roles of media use on political discussion. Mass Communication & Society, 18(3), 281-302. doi:10.1080/15205436.2014.940977

Edlund, J. E. (2016). Invited editorial: Let’s do it again: A call for replications in Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research. Psi Chi Journal Of Psychological Research, 21(1), 59-61.

Edlund, J. E. (2016). Invited editorial: Let’s do it again: A call for replications in Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research. Psi Chi Journal Of Psychological Research, 21(1), 59-61.

Wolters, C. A., & Hussain, M. (2015). Investigating grit and its relations with college students’ self-regulated learning and academic achievement. Metacognition And Learning, 10(3), 293-311. doi:10.1007/s11409-014-9128-9.

Paper discusses psychological issues from both papers intelligently and methodically

Mental Health Essay

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in 750-1,000 words, complete the template to write a model case study that integrates physical and mental health and wellness care.

Create an assessment that identifies the chief complaint, initial physical exam, patient history and safety assessment.

Consider the following questions in filling out the details of your theoretical case study:

1. What standardized tools would be helpful with this patient?

2. How would the behavioral health provider collaborate services with the primary care physician?

Include at least three scholarly resources in addition to the textbook in your paper.

Describe each survey applying key concepts from the textbook

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Introduction

This assignment examines and applies concepts in the Survey Methods chapter and gives you the opportunity to evaluate surveys.

Instructions

  1. Using the principles in Chapter 7 of surveys, locate 2 surveys (can be related to your area of interest). One of these should be a survey/ questionnaire that you will justify as high quality. The second survey should be one that you will justify as poor or deficient.
  2. In an APA Style paper, present your responses to the following prompts:
    1. Describe each survey applying key concepts from the textbook [be sure to describe the:
    2. Purpose or goal of the surveys
    3. IV’s and DV’s  ****the items (IVs) that are presented and the ways participants can respond (DVs),
    4. Critique of the surveys along with a justification of whether you judged it as high quality or poor quality.
    5. A statement about improving upon the surveys.
  3. Be sure to include internal citations and references for both surveys.

Your paper must be presented in proper APA 7e format.

Your paper should have a cover page, text body section, and a references. An abstract is not necessary – do not put an abstract into your paper.

Book: Making Sense of the Social World Methods of Investigation Sixth Edition Daniel F. Chambliss

Survey Research

Chapter 7

 

 

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

Learning Objectives

Explain the strengths and weaknesses of omnibus surveys.

Explain the problem of sampling on the dependent variable.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of including “don’t know” and neutral responses among response choices and of using open-ended questions.

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

Learning Objectives

List the different methods for improving survey questions.

Outline a cover letter for a survey that contains each of the required elements.

List the strengths and weaknesses of each mode of survey design, giving particular attention to response rates.

Discuss the key ethical issues in survey research.

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

Why Is Survey Research So Popular?

Survey research

Popularity due to three advantages:

Versatility

Efficiency

Generalizability

Omnibus survey

 

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Learning Objective: 7-1: Explain the strengths and weaknesses of omnibus surveys.

 

Survey research: Research in which information is collected from a sample of individuals through their responses to a set of standardized questions. Omnibus survey: A survey that covers a range of topics of interest to different social scientists.

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

How Should We Write Survey Questions?

Be Clear; Avoid Confusing Phrasing

Simple, direct approach

Avoid negative phrases or words

Especially double negatives

Avoid double-barreled questions

Identify what information each question is to obtain

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Learning Objective: 7-1: Explain the strengths and weaknesses of omnibus surveys.

Learning Objective: 7-4: List the different methods for improving survey questions.

 

Double negatives: A question or statement that contains two negatives, which can muddy the meaning of the question.

Double-barreled question: A single survey question that actually asks two questions but allows only one answer.

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

How Should We Write Survey Questions?

Minimize Bias

Words should not trigger biases (unless this is the intent)

Must test reactions to phrasing of a question.

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Learning Objective: 7-1: Explain the strengths and weaknesses of omnibus surveys.

Learning Objective: 7-4: List the different methods for improving survey questions.

 

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

How Should We Write Survey Questions?

Allow for Disagreement

Some respondents “agree” with a statement just to avoid disagreeing.

Present both sides of attitude scales in question itself.

Phrase all response choices in socially approved ways.

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Learning Objective: 7-1: Explain the strengths and weaknesses of omnibus surveys.

Learning Objective: 7-4: List the different methods for improving survey questions.

 

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

How Should We Write Survey Questions?

Don’t Ask Questions They Can’t Answer

Respondents should be competent to answer questions.

Kinds of questions to mitigate this:

Filter questions

Skip pattern

Contingent question

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Learning Objective: 7-1: Explain the strengths and weaknesses of omnibus surveys.

Learning Objective: 7-4: List the different methods for improving survey questions.

 

Filter questions: A survey question used to identify a subset of respondents who then are asked other questions.

Skip pattern: The unique combination of questions created in a survey by filter questions and contingent questions.

Contingent question: A question that is asked of only a subset of survey respondents.

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

How Should We Write Survey Questions?

Allow for Uncertainty

Different types of respondents:

Floaters

Fence-sitters

Can be managed by . . .

Including “no opinion” category

Including neutral category

Adding open-ended questions

 

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Learning Objective: 7-3: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of including “don’t know” and neutral responses among response choices and of using open-ended questions.

Learning Objective: 7-4: List the different methods for improving survey questions.

 

Floaters: Survey respondents who provide an opinion on a topic in response to a closed-ended question that does not include a “Don’t know” option but who will choose “Don’t know” if it is available.

Fence-sitters: Survey respondents who see themselves as being neutral on an issue and choose a middle (neutral) response that is offered.

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

How Should We Write Survey Questions?

Make Response Categories Exhaustive and Mutually Exclusive

Must be one and only one possible response for everyone who is asked the question.

Two exceptions:

Filter questions

“Check all that apply” questions

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Learning Objective: 7-3: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of including “don’t know” and neutral responses among response choices and of using open-ended questions.

Learning Objective: 7-4: List the different methods for improving survey questions.

 

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

How Should Questionnaires Be Designed?

Questionnaire

 

Interview schedule

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Learning Objective: 7-6: List the strengths and weaknesses of each mode of survey design, giving particular attention to response rates.

 

Questionnaire: A survey instrument containing the questions in a self-administered survey.

Interview schedule: A survey instrument containing the questions asked by the interviewer in an in-person or phone survey.

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

How Should Questionnaires Be Designed?

Build on Existing Instruments

Use an existing instrument if it measures the concept of concern.

Consider appropriateness for your survey population.

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Learning Objective: 7-6: List the strengths and weaknesses of each mode of survey design, giving particular attention to response rates.

 

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

How Should Questionnaires Be Designed?

Refine and Test Questions

Methods for testing questions:

Cognitive interview

Conduct a pilot study

Interpretive questions

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Learning Objective: 7-4: List the different methods for improving survey questions.

Learning Objective: 7-6: List the strengths and weaknesses of each mode of survey design, giving particular attention to response rates.

 

Cognitive interview: A technique for evaluating questions in which researchers ask people test questions, and then probe with follow-up questions to learn how they understood the question and what their answers mean.

Interpretive questions: Questions included in a questionnaire or interview schedule to help explain answers to other important questions.

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

How Should Questionnaires Be Designed?

Maintain Consistent Focus

Have measures of all independent and dependent variables you plan to use.

Long lists of redundant or unimportant questions bore respondents.

Omnibus surveys are an exception.

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Learning Objective: 7-6: List the strengths and weaknesses of each mode of survey design, giving particular attention to response rates.

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

How Should Questionnaires Be Designed?

Order the Questions

Sort questions into thematic categories.

First question should . . .

Interest the respondent

Be easy to answer

Apply to everyone

NOT be sensitive

Context effects

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Learning Objective: 7-6: List the strengths and weaknesses of each mode of survey design, giving particular attention to response rates.

 

Context effects: In survey research, refers to the influence that earlier questions may have on how subsequent questions are answered.

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

How Should Questionnaires Be Designed?

Make the Questionnaire Attractive

Plenty of white space between questions.

List response choices vertically.

Distinguish response choices clearly.

Indicate skip patterns with graphics.

Use distinctive formatting for instructions.

Booklets are better than multi-pagers.

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Learning Objective: 7-6: List the strengths and weaknesses of each mode of survey design, giving particular attention to response rates.

 

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

What Are the Alternatives for Administering Surveys?

Surveys can be administered in five ways

Each approach differs in one or more way:

Manner of administration

Questionnaire structure

Setting

Cost

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Learning Objective: 7-6: List the strengths and weaknesses of each mode of survey design, giving particular attention to response rates.

Learning Objective: 7-5: Outline a cover letter for a survey that contains each of the required elements.

 

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

What Are the Alternatives for Administering Surveys?

Mailed, Self-Administered Surveys

Low response rate hurts representativeness.

Response rates can be improved with a cover letter.

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Learning Objective: 7-6: List the strengths and weaknesses of each mode of survey design, giving particular attention to response rates.

Learning Objective: 7-5: Outline a cover letter for a survey that contains each of the required elements.

 

Mailed (self-administered) survey: A survey involving a mailed questionnaire to be completed by the respondent.

Cover letter: The letter sent with a mailed questionnaire that explains the survey’s purpose and auspices and encourages the respondent to participate.

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Chambliss, Making Sense of the Social World, 6e. © SAGE Publishing, 2020

What Are the Alternatives for Administering Surveys?

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