Assignment 2: Traumatic Brain Injury: Jefferson’s Case

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Assignment 2: Traumatic Brain Injury: Jefferson’s Case

When new parents are expecting a baby, they rarely consider the possibility that the baby could have significant challenges. For those who have children with severe, multiple disabilities, planning for the future is a critical, lifelong process and requires considerable investments of time and effort, while potentially causing significant stress to the parents. With advances in our understanding, there are many more resources available to children and families than there were previously.

Review the following scenario:

 

Jefferson is a six-year-old boy in kindergarten. He has suffered from cerebral palsy and a severe seizure disorder since he was an infant, resulting in significant physical and cognitive impairment. Although he has received services and support through early childhood intervention (ECI) services, as he enters formal schooling, his parents have become increasingly concerned about his future. Jefferson spends most of his time in a wheelchair and uses a special touchscreen augmentative communication device. In addition to their concerns about the future, Jefferson’s father also harbors considerable guilt that he or his wife might have caused their son’s disabilities.

Using the module readings and at least one peer-reviewed article from the Argosy University online library resources or a reputable organization, research traumatic brain injuries.

Based on your research, respond to the following:

  • Summarize research related to the influence of nature versus nurture on the cause of Jefferson’s disabilities.
  • Provide a hypothesis of Jefferson’s likely prognosis. What supports or services might maximize this outcome?
  • Evaluate what Jefferson’s future might have been if he were being raised in the U.S. in the 1940s.

Write a 3–5-page paper in Word format (not counting the title and reference pages). Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Be sure to include a title page and reference page, also in APA format.

Social Psychology

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Assignment 1: Discussion Question: Attributions

By Saturday, November 14, 2015, respond to the discussion question. Submit your responses to the appropriate Discussion Area. Use the same Discussion Area to comment on your classmates’ submissions by Saturday, November 14, 2015, and continue the discussion until Wednesday, November 18, 2015 of the week.

We make attributions every day about our own behaviors and the behaviors of the people that we interact with. And depending on what we attribute to the cause of a person or our behavior this directly affects our attitudes and behaviors toward that person. If our attributions are correct, then outcome can be positive, as they can help us to work more effectively with that person or to make better decisions for ourselves. However, if we make an error in our attribution of the cause of a behavior, then our own following behaviors can negatively compound the situation.

Consider the following situations that we have all experienced:

You go out to lunch with your friend and find that your waitress is a bit absentminded and is not in the best of mood as she takes your order and serves you. You tell your friend that this lady should not be a waitress and needs to find a new job because her attitude stinks.

You pull into a gas station and there is only one free pump, but you cannot get to it because there is a person at the first pump. You think to yourself “What a jerk, I can’t believe they did not pull up to the second pump.”

    • Why were these attributions and assumptions made in each situation? Are they most likely accurate or not?

 

    • What are some alternative explanations for the behaviors of the waitress and person pumping gas? Why do we typically not assume these later explanations but rather jump to the conclusions made in the examples?

 

    • If you were the person in each of these scenarios and took a minute to look back at these behaviors would you have the same thoughts about yourself (you are in the wrong job or that you are a jerk)? Why might the attributions of your own behaviors be different than your attributions of others’ behaviors?

 

  • With all of this in mind how will you apply this to your future attributions and associated behavior when faced with these types of situations?

Perfecto – The Significance Of Context

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Consider the accumulated sources of error and the different factors affecting our reasoning styles. For this assignment, focus on a typical setting in your own profession.

How does context affect your ability to conduct critical thinking and the ability of your colleagues to reason with you?

As you answer the question, briefly describe a setting in which a discussion might occur in your profession, either an imagined situation or one you have experienced. Consider the factors in that setting that might serve as sources of error or might influence you or your colleagues as you reason and describe at least four of those factors.

Prepare a 3- to 4-paragraph original

A neuroscientist measures the reaction times (in seconds) during an experimental session in a sample of cocaine-addicted

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4. The following frequency distribution table lists the time (in minutes) that participants were late for an experimental session. Compute the sample mean, median, and mode for these data.

mean  Correct: Your answer is correct. min

median  Correct: Your answer is correct. min

mode  0 Incorrect: Your answer is incorrect. min

Time (min)  Frequency

0     3

5     2

6     5

7     1

9     2

______________________________________________________________________________

7. A neuroscientist measures the reaction times (in seconds) during an experimental session in a sample of cocaine-addicted

(n = 8),

morphine-addicted

(n = 6),

and heroin-addicted rats

(n = 12).

Mean reaction times in each sample were 16, 14, and 12 seconds, respectively. What is the weighted mean for all three samples? Hint: The overall mean is not 14.0 seconds. (Round your answer to two decimal places.)

____________ sec

______________________________________________________________________________

9. A group of researchers measure the weight of five participants prior to a clinical weight loss intervention. They record the following weights (in pounds): 160, 110, 210, 310, and 260 pounds. The mean is 210 pounds.

Using the original example of five weights, the researchers added a sixth participant to the sample.

(a) If the sixth participant weighed 220 pounds, will the mean increase, decrease, or not change?

The mean will increase.

The mean will decrease.

The mean will not change.

(b) If the sixth participant weighed 210 pounds, will the mean increase, decrease, or not change?

The mean will increase.

The mean will decrease.

The mean will not change.

(c) If the sixth participant weighted 180 pounds, will the mean increase, decrease, or not change?

The mean will increase.

The mean will decrease.

The mean will not change.

______________________________________________________________________________

10. Gilman and colleagues (2008) measured general life satisfaction in 1,338 adolescents from two individualistic nations (Ireland, United States) and two collectivist nations (China, South Korea) using the Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS). Mean participant scores on the MSLSS are given in the following table.

Nation  Gender Men  Women

United States   4.39  4.61

Ireland   4.37  4.64

China   4.41  4.56

South Korea   3.92  3.78

(a) Among which group was general life satisfaction lowest on average?

women from South Korea

men from the United States

women from Ireland

men from South Korea

women from the United States

men from China men from Ireland

women from China

(b) Among which group was general life satisfaction highest on average?

women from South Korea

men from Ireland

men from South Korea

men from the United States

women from China

women from Ireland

women from the United States

men from China

______________________________________________________________________________

11. What are the degrees of freedom for sample variance?

n − 2

n + 1

n − 1

n

______________________________________________________________________________

12. Based on the empirical rule, what percentage of data fall within 1 SD, 2 SD, and 3 SD of the mean for data that are distributed normally? (Enter your answers to one decimal place.)

% of all scores lie within 1 SD of the mean

% of all scores lie within 2 SD of the mean

% of all scores lie within 3 SD of the mean

______________________________________________________________________________

13. A social scientist measures the number of minutes (per day) that a small hypothetical population of college students spends online.

Student  Score   Student    Score

A   64   F    84

B   86   G   97

C   27   H  92

D   91   I   78

E   92   J    86

(a) What is the range of data in this population?

____________min

(b) What is the IQR of data in this population?

____________min

(c) What is the SIQR of data in this population?

_____________min

(d) What is the population variance?

(e) What is the population standard deviation? (Round your answer to two decimal places.)

_____________min

______________________________________________________________________________

14. A sociologist records the annual household income (in thousands of dollars) among a sample of families living in a high-crime neighborhood. Locate the lower, median, and upper quartiles for the times listed below. Hint: First arrange the data in numerical order.

lower quartile  _________  thousand dollars

median  _________  thousand dollars

upper quartile __________ thousand dollars

22  36

46  53

38  49

47  31

20  38

______________________________________________________________________________

15. A psychopathologist records the number of criminal offenses among teenage drug users in a nationwide sample of 1,301 participants. To measure the variance of criminal offenses, he computes SS = 46,800 for this sample.

(a) What are the degrees of freedom for variance? ______________________

(b) Compute the variance and standard deviation.

variance ______________

standard deviation ______________

______________________________________________________________________________

16. State whether each of the following will increase, decrease, or have no effect on the population variance.

(a) the sum of squares (SS) increases

This change will increase the population variance.

This change will decrease the population variance.

This change will have no effect on the population variance.

(b) the sample size decreases

This change will increase the population variance.

This change will decrease the population variance.

This change will have no effect on the population variance.

(c) the size of the population increases

This change will increase the population variance.

This change will decrease the population variance.

This change will have no effect on the population variance.

______________________________________________________________________________

17. A researcher measures the time (in seconds) it takes a sample of five participants to complete a memory task. It took four of the participants 1, 2, 2, and 3 seconds. If M = 2, then what must be the fifth time recorded?

______________sec

______________________________________________________________________________

18, An expert reviews a sample of 10 scientific articles (n = 10) and records the following number of errors in each article: 3, 5, 4, 6, 9, 0, 1, 9, 0, and 8. Compute SS, variance, and standard deviation for this sample using the definitional and computational formula. (Round your answers to two decimal places.)

SS   ________________________

variance ________________________

standard deviation _____________________ errors

______________________________________________________________________________

19. A professor records the time (in minutes) that it takes 16 students to complete an exam. Compute the SS, the variance, and the standard deviation assuming the 16 students constitute a population and assuming the 16 students constitute a sample. (Round your answers for variance and standard deviation to two decimal places.)

31  39  42  28

43  51  41  20

36  22  19  42

13  40  24  49

(a) the 16 students constitute a population

SS ______________________

variance ____________________

standard deviation ___________________min

(b) the 16 students constitute a sample

SS ___________________

variance _____________________

standard deviation ___________________min

______________________________________________________________________________

20. To study bonding between mothers and infants, a researcher places each mother and her infant in a playroom and has the mother leave for 10 minutes. The researcher records crying time in the sample of infants during this time that the mother was not present and finds that crying time is normally distributed with M = 8 and SD = 1.1.

Based on the empirical rule, state the range of crying times within 68% of infants cried, 95% of infants cried, and 99.7% of infants cried.

(a) 68% of infants cried

______________ to _____________ min

(b) 95% of infants cried

______________ to ______________ min

(c) 99.7% of infants cried

______________ to ______________ min