Understanding pathophysiology.

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APA format 1 and half pages 3 peer review references 2 from walden university library

 

Pathophysiology:  A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of your urinary system involving your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.  It can be separated into two categories, upper and lower.  The upper urinary tract is composed of the kidneys and ureters.  The lower urinary tract consists of the bladder and the urethra.  Lower UTI’s are more common than upper.  Each type of UTI may result in more-specific signs and symptoms, depending on which part of your urinary tract is infected.  UTI.s typically occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to multiply in the bladder.  Although the urinary system is designed to keep out such microscopic invaders, these defenses sometimes fail.  When that happens, bacteria may take hold and grow into a full-blown infection in the urinary tract, (Huether & McCance, 2012).

Medications:  Antibiotics usually are the first line treatment for urinary tract infections. Which drugs are prescribed and for how long depend on your health condition and the type of bacteria found in your urine.  Commonly prescribed antibiotics include, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Fosfomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Cephalexin, and Ceftriaxone.  The group of antibiotic medicines known as fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin aren’t commonly recommended for simple UTIs, as the risks of these medicines generally outweigh the benefits for treating uncomplicated UTIs.  In some cases, such as a complicated UTI or kidney infection, your doctor might prescribe a fluoroquinolone medicine if no other treatment options exist.  For a severe UTI, you may need treatment with intravenous antibiotics in a hospital, (Mayo Clinic, 2017).

Gender and advanced age:  The reason women are more likely to develop bladder infections than men comes down to basic anatomy.  Female urethras are much shorter than male urethras.  Approximately an inch and a half in length to be exact.  This means the bacteria doesn’t have to travel nearly as far to reach the bladder.  The population most likely to experience UTIs is the elderly.  Older individuals are more vulnerable for many reasons, including their overall susceptibility to infections due to a weakened immune system.  Elderly men and women also experience a weakening of the muscles of the bladder and pelvic floor, which can lead to increased urine retention and incontinence, (MedlinePlus, 2018).  Many are prescribed multiple daily medications and they aren’t always taken as prescribed.  Patients may forget to take their medications, become confused on when and how to take medication, multiple medications can become overwhelming.

Patient education:  Patient education should begin with education to help patients prevent recurrent infections.  Patients should practice good hygiene and females should wipe from front to back.  Drink plenty of fluid to flush bacteria out of urinary tract.  Empty your bladder completely as soon as you feel the urge, or at least every three hours. Get plenty of vitamin C. It makes urine acidic and helps keep bacteria down.  Consult a doctor if an infection is suspected and complete the entire amount of prescribed medication.

References

Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2012). Understanding pathophysiology. Edinburgh: Mosby.

Mayo Clinic. (2017, August 25). Urinary tract infection (UTI) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353453

MedlinePlus. (2018, April 10). Urinary Tract Infections | UTI | UTI Symptoms | MedlinePlus. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/urinarytractinfections.html

Planned Parenthood. (2016). What is a Urinary Tract Infection? | Symptoms & Causes. Retrieved from https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/health-and-wellness/urinary-tract-infections-utis

A conclusion section, incorporating recommendations for further research

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Details:
While the implementation plan prepares students to apply their research to the problem or issue they have identified for their capstone change proposal project, the literature review enables students to map out and move into the active planning and development stages of the project.

A literature review analyzes how current research supports the PICOT, as well as identifies what is known and what is not known in the evidence. Students will use the information from the earlier PICOT Statement Paper and Literature Evaluation Table assignments to develop a 750-1,000 word review that includes the following sections:

  1. Title page
  2. Introduction section
  3. A comparison of research questions
  4. A comparison of sample populations
  5. A comparison of the limitations of the study
  6. A conclusion section, incorporating recommendations for further research

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to Turnitin. Please refer to the directions in the Student Success Center.

cid:D7D4B297-EEAE-4174-AD01-F87097282051@canyon.com

 

 

Literature Evaluation Table

Student Name:

Change Topic: Obese children under the age of 12 can be described as those children with a BMI index of 30 or more. My capstone project proposes an intervention that involves increasing knowledge on nutrition education involving proper diet and engaging in physical activities.

Criteria Article 1 Article 2 Article 3 Article 4
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and

Permalink or Working Link to Access Article

 

 Bleich, S. N., Segal, J., Wu, Y., Wilson, R., & Wang, Y.

doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-0886.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3691541/

 Tester, J. M., Phan, T. T., Jared M. Tucker, J. M., Leung, C.W., Gillette, M. L., Sweeney, B. R., Kirk, S., Tindall, A., Olivo-Marston, S. E., & Eneli, I. U.

DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-3228

http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/141/3/e20173228

 Cunningham, S. A., Kramer, M. R., & Narayan, K. V.

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1309753

http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1309753

 

 Arthur M. L., Scharf, J. R., DeBoer, M. D.

DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.12.008

http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(18)30025-X/fulltext
Article Title and Year Published

 

 Title: Systematic review of community-based childhood obesity prevention studies.

Year: 2013

 Characteristics of Children 2 to 5 Years of Age with Severe Obesity.

Year: 2018

 Incidence of Childhood Obesity in the United States

Year: 2014

 Association between kindergarten and first-grade food insecurity and weight status in U.S. children.

Year: 2018
Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative), and Purposes/Aim of Study

 

 The purpose of the study was to conduct a systematic review of community based childhood obesity prevention. The purpose of the study was to investigate the characteristics of obese children between the age of 2 and 5 years. The paper aimed at identifying the prevalence of obesity in the United States at the national level. The aim of the paper was to determine if food insecurity is an independent risk factor for obesity in U.S. children
Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)

 

 Systematic Review Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Setting/Sample

 

 Intervention was exclusively in a community setting eg, home, school, primary care, child care Sample included children between 2 and 5 years.

N=7028, from NHANES (1999–2014)

Classification: normal weight, overweight, obesity

 7738 participants who were in kindergarten in 1998 in the United States. Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort 2011
Methods: Intervention/Instruments

 

 Comparative Review as recommended by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Methods Guide Survey weights were used to account for probability sampling design.

This analysis was done in accordance with recommendations from the National Center for Health Statistics.

 Height and weight were measured seven times between 1998 and 2007.

An obese baseline was set and the population analyzed

 Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate longitudinal associations between food security and body mass index (BMI) z-score.
Analysis

 

 Relevant articles were searched from Medline, Embase, Psych-Info, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library.

It was also based on medical subject headings terms and text words of key articles that we identified a priori.

 Multinomial logistic and linear regressions were conducted, with normal weight as the referent. The study used Growth Charts to calculate each child’s BMI

CDC’s standard thresholds of the 85th percentile for overweight and 95th percentile for obesity.

estimates of prevalence and incidence were stratified according to sex and quantile

 Regression models were formulated on race/ethnicity, household income, and parental education.
Key Findings

 

 The study’s search revealed 9 relevant articles, four of which use combined diet and physical activity approaches to childhood obesity.

It is also important to note that at least one of the articles revealed significant improvements in intermediate weight-related outcome, which can be related to the physical activity that results from the intervention.

 Findings from the results revealed that factors such as race, ethnicity, household income and level of education of parents as well as other factors such as breastfeeding will affect the weight of a child.

The study also revealed that energy intake and Healthy Eating Index 2010 scores were not significantly different in children with Severe Obesity.

 Significant statistics obtained from the study revealed that there were no significant increases in prevalence between the ages of 11 and 14 years.

It was also revealed that prevalence of obesity was higher among Hispanic children than among non-Hispanic white children of all ages while those from the wealthiest families had a lower prevalence of obesity.

The incidence of obesity between the ages of 5 and 14 years was 4 times as high among children who had been overweight at the age of 5 years as among children who had a normal weight at that age.

 Findings of the study indicated that children with household food insecurity had increased obesity prevalence from kindergarten through grade 3.
Recommendations

 

 Based on the review conducted, the study identifies a research gap, noting that not much has been done to determine the impact of community-based childhood obesity prevention programs on primary or secondary weight outcomes.

From the literature available, however, the article recommends the use of this intervention as a combination of events would lead to more effective ways to prevent weight gain.

 The study recommends a better understanding of behavioral and physiologic mechanisms and relationships behind the risk factors behind weight problems among children Based on the findings, the study recommends a better understanding of the ding risk over a lifetime and identifying potential ages for intervention. The study identified food-insecure children as most prone to obesity calling for interventions to focus on this area.
Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone Project

 

 This article provides the research gap that would be exploited by working on the capstone. It asserts that more needs to be done to provide better interventions on weight management.

It also pointed out that multiple settings may be more effective at preventing weight gain in children than single-component interventions located in the community only. This information is critical for purposes of coming up with better EPB through the capstone.

 This article provides a better understanding of the characteristics of obese children and classifies them into different categories. It also provides an overview of other characteristics based on social and economic aspects. The study has provided the much needed information on the prevalence of obesity in the country. This provides a rationale for the importance of having the necessary EBP that can be used as interventions to the problem, one of which will be provided by the capstone. This article also emphasized on some of the most prone characteristics of childhood obesity. It identified food-prone children as having the highest chances. The capstone project will therefore consider this when coming up with an intervention

 

 

 

 

 

Criteria Article 5 Article 6 Article 7 Article 8
Author, Journal (Peer-Reviewed), and

Permalink or Working Link to Access Article

 

 Fetter, S. D., Scherr, R. E., Linless, D. J., Dharmar, M., Sara, E. Schaefer, E. S., & Zidenberg-Cherr, S.

DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1436477

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07315724.2018.1436477

 Lydecke, J. A., Riley, K. E., & Grilo, C. M.

DOI: 10.1002/eat.22858

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eat.22858

 Marcum, C. S., Goldring M. R., McBride, C. M., & Persky, S.

DOI: 10.1093/abm/kax041

https://academic.oup.com/abm/article-abstract/52/3/252/4822907?redirectedFrom=fulltext

 Vollmer, R. L.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2017.12.009

 
Article Title and Year Published

 

 Effect of the Shaping Healthy Choices Program, a Multicomponent, School-Based Nutrition Intervention, on Physical Activity Intensity.

Year published: 2018

 Associations of parents’ self, child, and other “fat talk” with child eating behaviors and weight.

Year published: 2018

 Modeling Dynamic Food Choice Processes to Understand Dietary Intervention Effects.

Year published: 2018

 An Exploration of How Fathers Attempt to Prevent Childhood Obesity in Their Families.

Year published: 2018
Research Questions (Qualitative)/Hypothesis (Quantitative), and Purposes/Aim of Study

 

 The main aim of the study was to determine whether physical activity patterns improved School-Based Nutrition intervention. The study aimed at identifying the relationship between parenting and eating behaviour and how they all relate wo weight gain. The article aimed at identifying limitations in dietary behaviour and how micro-level choices undertaken by people on a daily basis affect it as an intervention to obesity. The objective of the article was to understand how fathers, a parent, understand overweight preschoolers
Design (Type of Quantitative, or Type of Qualitative)

 

 Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Setting/Sample

 

 Youth enrolled in a Shaping Healthy Choices Program 581 Parents of preadolescents or adolescents 221 mothers 117 US fathers with an average of 35 years, 85% white
Methods: Intervention/Instruments

 

 Pre and post-intervention assessments were conducted alongside a control experiment

Youth at the control and intervention schools wore a Polar Active monitor on their non-dominant wrist 24 h/d for at least 2 consecutive days.

 Parents were interviewed and asked if they talk about weight gain (fat talk) with their children (pre-adolescents and adolescents. The study modelled the choices of the 221 mothers who had adopted an information-based intervention for their children. Online survey with nine questions.

 
Analysis

 

 Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate change in physical activity

 

Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

 

 Fat-Talk was categorized into self‐fat talk, obesity‐fat talk and child-fat-talk. All these were analyzed based on the responses given by each parent Relational event modeling, where participants were grouped into control information, childhood obesity risk information and childhood obesity risk information plus a personalized family history Content analysis was used to analyze their responses using constant comparative method
Key Findings

 

 There were no significant differences in the change in MVPA between the schools.

 

 A bigger percentage of parents admit to talking to their children about obesity i.e. child-fat talk. Generally, sons are easier to talk to than daughters The results indicated that choice inertia decreased and the overall rate of food selection increased among participants receiving the strongest intervention condition From the results of the survey, it was revealed that there are distinct causes of childhood obesity that can be prevented or treated using parents, specifically, fathers. They can be used to identify child excess weight at an early stage and work towards correcting the situation. This also includes identifying barriers to changing behaviour and overcoming them.
Recommendations

 

 According to the authors, the overall small physical activity intensity pattern shift supports that physical activity is an important area to target within a multicomponent nutrition intervention aimed at preventing childhood obesity. The study recommended the use of different types of talks about obesity. The study therefore recommended that better food choices can help make any dietary behaviour intervention better The article therefore recommends fathers as the best parents to base the intervention on. It also recommends engaging mothers as well.
Explanation of How the Article Supports EBP/Capstone

 

 The study provides an in-depth analysis into how physical activity can be used as an intervention to prevent childhood obesity. The results will be used to compare with those found after the capstone project is complete. This article introduces childhood obesity from the parent’s perspective. It assumes that parents are directly responsible for their children and that they would be able to talk them into better eating habits, thereby stopping obesity. This is an intervention that can be exploited further by the capstone project The article provides a new intervention that scrutinizes the effectiveness of having a dietary behaviour intervention. Indeed, there are several other factors that contribute to this. It is important to have counter measures for every intervention adopted. This study gave me a different approach to the intervention involving parents. It proves that the best intervention would involve both parents and practitioners. This is the idea that I would replicate in my capstone project.

 

 

 

 

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Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management

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1. Try taking a different route to class the next time it meets. Before you do this, think about how many changes, large and small, you will have to make to do this.

a-Will you have to leave earlier to be in class on time?

b-Will you meet different people on your way to class?

c-See different sights?

d-Would you change your route to class on the day of the final exam?

e-Why or why not? Summarize the positives and negatives of this small change. Relate your responses to this change to the way staff nurses feel when an administrator makes what he or she thinks is a “minor” change.

2. Think about a change that has occurred in your life. Some examples may be a change of role, a move, a marriage, a birth, a divorce, or a death.

a-How did you react to the change?

b-Would you have reacted differently if you had had more information?

c-Using Lewin’s model, describe the basic elements in the situation and how you eventually achieved a comfortable outcome.

Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management
6th Edition

Sally A. Weiss  MSN, EdD, RN, CNE, ANEFRuth M. Tappen  EdD, RN, FAAN

ISBN-13: 978-0-8036-3663-7

What are the typical modes of family communication? It is affective? Why?

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choose a family in your community and conduct a family health assessment using the following questions below.

1. Family composition.

Type of family, age, gender and racial/ethnic composition of the family.

2. Roles of each family member. Who is the leader in the family? Who is the primary provider? Is there any other provider?

3. Do family members have any existing physical or psychological conditions that are affecting family function?

4. Home (physical condition) and external environment; living situation (this must include financial information). How the family support itself.

For example; working parents, children or any other member

5. How adequately have individual family members accomplished age-appropriate developmental tasks?

6. Do individual family member’s developmental states create stress in the family?

7. What developmental stage is the family in? How well has the family achieve the task of this and previous developmental stages?

8. Any family history of genetic predisposition to disease?

9. Immunization status of the family?

10. Any child or adolescent experiencing problems

11. Hospital admission of any family member and how it is handle by the other members?

12. What are the typical modes of family communication? It is affective? Why?

13. How are decision make in the family?

14. Is there evidence of violence within the family? What forms of discipline are use?

15. How well the family deals with crisis?

16. What cultural and religious factors influence the family health and social status?

17. What are the family goals?

18. Identify any external or internal sources of support that are available?

19. Is there evidence of role conflict? Role overload?

20. Does the family have an emergency plan to deal with family crisis, disasters?

Identify 3 nursing diagnosis and develop a short plan of care using the nursing process.

Please use at least 3 scholarly evidence-based practice references besides the class textbook to sustain your assessment. A minimum of 1000 words are required, excluding the first and reference page (Websites can be used but will not count toward grading).