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Organizational Behavior
15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University
Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame
E D I T I O N
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title.
HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2
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Brief Contents
The Individual
2 Diversity in Organizations 39 3 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 4 Emotions and Moods 97 5 Personality and Values 131 6 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 7 Motivation Concepts 201 8 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239
The Group
9 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 10 Understanding Work Teams 307 11 Communication 335 12 Leadership 367 13 Power and Politics 411 14 Conflict and Negotiation 445 15 Foundations of Organization Structure 479
Preface xxii
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Introduction
1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3
vi BRIEF CONTENTS
Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior 616
Comprehensive Cases 623
Indexes 637 Glindex 663
4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577
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Contents
Preface xxii
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Introduction
1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4
What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 • Management Roles 6 • Management Skills 8 • Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 • A Review of the Manager’s Job 9
Enter Organizational Behavior 10
Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11
Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 • Social Psychology 14 • Sociology 14 • Anthropology 14
There Are Few Absolutes in OB 14
Challenges and Opportunities for OB 15 Responding to Economic Pressures 15 • Responding to Globalization 16 • Managing Workforce Diversity 18 • Improving Customer Service 18 • Improving People Skills 19 • Stimulating Innovation and Change 20 • Coping with “Temporariness” 20 • Working in Networked Organizations 20 • Helping Employees Balance Work–Life Conflicts 21 • Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 • Improving Ethical Behavior 22
Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 • Inputs 24 • Processes 25 • Outcomes 25
Summary and Implications for Managers 30
Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? “Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women” 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31
Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce Diversity 32 Ethical Dilemma Jekyll and Hyde 33 Case Incident 1 “Lessons for ‘Undercover’ Bosses” 34 Case Incident 2 Era of the Disposable Worker? 35
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2 The Individual 2 Diversity in Organizations 39
Diversity 40 Demographic Characteristics of the U.S. Workforce 41 • Levels of Diversity 42 • Discrimination 42
Biographical Characteristics 44 Age 44 • Sex 46 • Race and Ethnicity 48 • Disability 48 • Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity 50
Ability 52 Intellectual Abilities 52 • Physical Abilities 55 • The Role of Disabilities 56
Implementing Diversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees 56 • Diversity in Groups 58 • Effective Diversity Programs 58
Summary and Implications for Managers 60
Self-Assessment Library What’s My Attitude Toward Older People? 40 Myth or Science? “Dual-Career Couples Divorce Less” 47 An Ethical Choice Religious Tattoos 51 glOBalization! Images of Diversity from Around the Globe 54 Point/Counterpoint Men Have More Mathematical Ability Than Women 61
Questions for Review 62 Experiential Exercise Feeling Excluded 62 Ethical Dilemma Board Quotas 62 Case Incident 1 The Flynn Effect 63 Case Incident 2 Increasing Age Diversity in the Workplace 64
3 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Attitudes 70 What Are the Main Components of Attitudes? 70 • Does Behavior Always Follow from Attitudes? 71 • What Are the Major Job Attitudes? 73
Job Satisfaction 78 Measuring Job Satisfaction 79 • How Satisfied Are People in Their Jobs? 80 • What Causes Job Satisfaction? 81 • The Impact of Satisfied and Dissatisfied Employees on the Workplace 82
Summary and Implications for Managers 88
Self-Assessment Library How Satisfied Am I with My Job? 70
An Ethical Choice Do Employers Owe Workers More Satisfying Jobs? 74 glOBalization! Culture and Work–Life Balance 76 Self-Assessment Library Am I Engaged? 78 Myth or Science? “Favorable Job Attitudes Make Organizations More Profitable” 83 Point/Counterpoint Employer–Employee Loyalty Is an Outdated Concept 87
Questions for Review 88 Experiential Exercise What Factors Are Most Important to Your Job Satisfaction? 89 Ethical Dilemma Bounty Hunters 89 Case Incident 1 Long Hours, Hundreds of E-Mails, and No Sleep: Does This Sound Like a Satisfying Job? 90 Case Incident 2 Crafting a Better Job 91
4 Emotions and Moods 97 What Are Emotions and Moods? 98 The Basic Emotions 100 • The Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect 100 • The Function of Emotions 102 • Sources of Emotions and Moods 103
Emotional Labor 108
Affective Events Theory 110
Emotional Intelligence 112 The Case for EI 113 • The Case Against EI 114 • Emotion Regulation 115
OB Applications of Emotions and Moods 115 Selection 116 • Decision Making 116 • Creativity 116 • Motivation 117 • Leadership 117 • Negotiation 117 • Customer Service 118 • Job Attitudes 119 • Deviant Workplace Behaviors 119 • Safety and Injury at Work 119 • How Managers Can Influence Moods 120
Summary and Implications for Managers 121
Self-Assessment Library How Are You Feeling Right Now? 98 Self-Assessment Library What’s My Affect Intensity? 104 Myth or Science? We Are Better Judges of When Others Are Happy Than When They Are Sad 107
glOBalization! Should You Expect “Service with a Smile” All Around the World? 108 Self-Assessment Library What’s My Emotional Intelligence Score? 115 An Ethical Choice Schadenfreude 120 Point/Counterpoint Sometimes Blowing Your Top Is a Good Thing 122
Questions for Review 121 Experiential Exercise Who Can Catch a Liar? 123 Ethical Dilemma Happiness Coaches for Employees 123 Case Incident 1 Is It Okay to Cry at Work? 124 Case Incident 2 Can You Read Emotions from Faces? 124
5 Personality and Values 131 Personality 133 What Is Personality? 133 • The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 135 • The Big Five Personality Model 136 • Other Personality Traits Relevant to OB 139
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Values 144 The Importance of Values 144 • Terminal versus Instrumental Values 144 • Generational Values 145
Linking an Individual’s Personality and Values to the Workplace 148 Person–Job Fit 148 • Person–Organization Fit 150
International Values 150
Summary and Implications for Managers 154
Self-Assessment Library Am I a Narcissist? 132 Myth or Science? Personality Predicts the Performance of Entrepreneurs 142 glOBalization! The Right Personality for a Global Workplace 143 An Ethical Choice Should You Try to Change Someone’s Personality? 147 Point/Counterpoint Millennials Are More Narcissistic 155
Questions for Review 156 Experiential Exercise What Organizational Culture Do You Prefer? 156 Ethical Dilemma Freedom or Lack of Commitment? 156 Case Incident 1 Is There a Price for Being Too Nice? 157 Case Incident 2 Leadership from an Introvert’s Perspective 158
6 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 What Is Perception? 166 Factors That Influence Perception 167
Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others 168 Attribution Theory 168 • Common Shortcuts in Judging Others 170 • Specific Applications of Shortcuts in Organizations 173
The Link Between Perception and Individual Decision Making 174
Decision Making in Organizations 175 The Rational Model, Bounded Rationality, and Intuition 175 • Common Biases and Errors in Decision Making 177
Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences and Organizational Constraints 184 Individual Differences 184 • Organizational Constraints 186
What About Ethics in Decision Making? 187 Three Ethical Decision Criteria 187 • Improving Creativity in Decision Making 188
Summary and Implications for Managers 190
Self-Assessment Library What Are My Gender Role Perceptions? 166 glOBalization! Chinese Time, North American Time 171 Myth or Science? Creative Decision Making Is a Right-Brain Activity 181 Self-Assessment Library Am I A Deliberate Decision Maker? 183 An Ethical Choice Whose Ethical Standards to Follow? 185 Self-Assessment Library How Creative Am I? 190 Point/Counterpoint Checklists Lead to Better Decisions 191
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