PSYCHOLOGY: BEHAVIORISM

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MODULE 4 ASSIGNMENT

TOPIC: Synthesis Paper-Origins of Behaviorism

Synthesis is the act of creating something new from multiple existing entities. Synthesis of research, then, is creating a new idea from existing ideas. It is a process developed through time and practice. In this assignment, you will apply the synthesis process to the articles and topics from the first four Topics of this course. Consider the development of behaviorism, including the precursors and contemporaries of the early behaviorists. What limitations existed in those theories and practices, and how did the early behaviorists aim to resolve them?

General Requirements:
Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:

· Refer to the resource “Template: Origins of Behaviorism Paper.” ATTACHED

· Review the journal readings from the first four Topics of this course. You may wish to create annotations for the readings from Topics 3 and 4 for use in the synthesis process.

· Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments.

· Refer to Chapters 2-4 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) for specific guidelines related to doctoral-level writing. These chapters contain essential information on manuscript structure and content, clear and concise writing, and academic grammar and usage.

· Use academic sources, including peer-reviewed journal articles, government reports, and other instructor-approved texts. Make sure to cite at least three different articles during your discussion on this first researcher.

Directions:
Using all of the material you read in the first four modules, any academic resources from outside of course material, and the outline provided below and duplicated in “Template: Origins of Behaviorism Paper”, write a paper (2,000-2,250 words) in which you synthesize articles and do the following:

1. Trace the origins of behaviorism and the impetus for its development.

2. Discuss behaviorism as the 2nd major force in psychology and why is behaviorism a “better” alternative than the first force of psychology which was the Freudian psychoanalytic theory.

3. Identify three crucial researchers in the school of behaviorism and analyze the contributions of these researchers to the development of behaviorism. Make sure to cite at least three different articles during your discussion on this first researcher.

Origins of Behaviorism

I. Introduction

a. Engage the reader here with an interesting hook.
b. Provide context for the paper by generally discussing behaviorism and the three crucial researchers.
c. Include APA style in-text citations here when appropriate.
d. Provide a clear thesis statement here in a full sentence. In your thesis statement, make sure to integrate your choice of three researchers and how they relate to behaviorism.

II. Development of Behaviorism – Behaviorism as the 2nd major force in psychology

a. Discuss earlier schools of thought

i. Functionalism

1. What significant points does each article make about this subtheme?

ii. Animal psychology

1. What significant points does each article make about this subtheme?

b. Limitations of introspection and study of the consciousness

i. Why is behaviorism a “better” alternative than the first force of psychology (Freudian psychoanalytic theory)?

c. Beginnings of the study of behavior

i. Pavlov

1. Briefly discuss Pavlov’s contributions to the study of behavior.
2. Cite material from assigned articles for this researcher.

ii. Watson

1. Briefly discuss Watson’s contributions to the study of behavior.
2. Cite material from assigned articles for this researcher.

d. Emergence of Behaviorism
e. Distinguishing of Behaviorism from other schools of thought

III. Researcher #1 (IMPORTANT NOTE: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner may not be used as a topics in this section.)

a. What did Researcher #1 study?
b. What were this researcher’s key contributions to behaviorism?

i. Cite at least three different articles during your discussion of this first researcher.

c. How did this researcher’s contributions shape the emerging school of behaviorism?
d. What lasting effect did this person/research have on psychology?

IV. Researcher #2 (IMPORTANT NOTE: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner may not be used as a topics in this section.)

a. What did Researcher #2 study?
b. What were this researcher’s key contributions to behaviorism?

i. Cite at least three different articles during your discussion of this second researcher.

c. How did this researcher’s contributions shape the emerging school of behaviorism?
d. What lasting effect did this person/research have on psychology?

V. Researcher #3 (IMPORTANT NOTE: Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner may not be used as a topics in this section.)

a. What did Researcher #3 study?
b. What were this researcher’s key contributions to behaviorism?

i. Cite at least three different articles during your discussion on this third researcher.

c. How did this researcher’s contributions shape the emerging school of behaviorism?
d. What lasting effect did this person/research have on psychology?

VI. Conclusion

a. Summarize key take-aways from each of the three researchers

i. Use APA style in-text citations.

b. Restate the thesis statement in a novel way to bring the paper full circle and tie it back to the introduction.
c. Draw conclusions considering the current literature as a single unit.

i. What is the overall message of the research/literature at hand?

RESOURCES

Chomsky, N. (1959). A review of B. F. Skinner’s verbal behavior. Language, 35(1), 26-58. doi: 10.2307/411334

URL:http://cogprints.org/1148/1/chomsky.htm

Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology,

52, 1-26. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1

URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/docview/205845107?

Schunk, D. H. (2012). Social cognitive theory. In K. R. Harris, S. Graham, & T. Urdan (Eds.), APA

educational psychology handbook: Volume 1. Theories, constructs, and critical issues (pp. 101-123). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/13273-005

URL:https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?

How does thinking about goals differently (performance versus learning) affect performance and success?

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In responding to our classmates, comment on how their proposed applications of these concepts will affect their lives. Address any gaps you see in their reasoning, but be sure to substantiate your comments with citations from the textbook, the video, or from other research you have done in the course.

Esther post

How does thinking about goals differently (performance versus learning) affect performance and success?

Performance vs learning can affect performance and success very differently for each person. Each person can look at a situation with different goals. While one person may look at a situation and try to learn as much as possible to achieve their goal, the other person may focus more on their performance while getting to that goal. The example that the book “Personality: Theory and Research” has is a perfect way to describe the difference;

Suppose that you are working on a group project and are about to present your part of the project to others in the group who will discuss its strong and weak points. Right before the presentation, you might focus your attention on how their feedback will provide information that can help you to improve your work. If so, you have a learning goal: You are striving to learn from others, in order to increase your ability and achievement. Alternatively, you might focus on the personal impression you’ll make on the other people; you might try to “look smart” and to avoid doing anything that will make you look stupid. If so, you would have a performance goal: the aim of “putting on a good performance” for others who will be evaluating your abilities. (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 367)

Do you believe, as the socio-cognitive theorists do, that all learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior?

Yes, I believe that all learning occurs in a social context involving the person, environment, and behavior. The socio-cognitive theorists believed that we as a person can learn through our environment and through positive reinforcement, behaviors etc. can be changed.

How can you apply these findings to your education, work, or personal life?

For me, positive reinforcement is an important part of who I am as a person and as a mom. I have a 4 year old boy who thrives on positive reinforcement. Because of the TED Talk video of Carol Dweck, I have a new understanding of positive reinforcement. The “not yet” theory is amazing. I don’t want to raise my kids to receive positive reinforcement for achieving and getting things “right”. I want them to feel as if they are achieving their goal through effort and determination. I think a great example that this works is that I am always striving to incorporate the professor’s feedback as I get my grades back. This shows me that I have worked hard, and that I will always have room to grow.

Catherine post

How does thinking about goals differently (performance versus learning) affect performance and success?

Thinking about goals in terms of learning versus performance can have extremely different results in terms of performance and achievements.  When we start to think about achieving goals it is important to factor in terms of personal fulfillment. In our careers the value of

learning should be most important and part of our personal goals.  A lot of young people go to school to socialize and learning becomes secondary. Some would argue, as long as they look good and are popular, then all they need is a passing grade. However, there are students more

focused on succeeding and achieving. These students believe that they can excel by educating themselves. These students are more concerned with learning goals, whereas the social student is more interested in performance goals. (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 368). Performance goals involve performing to the best of your ability. You want your abilities to show. Working on performance goals can be more stressful because some worry about how they are perceived which takes away from learning.

The two goals affect performance and success depending on what your views on intelligence is and how it’s related to your performance or learning goal. People who believe that intelligence levels are fixed believe in entity theory and those “who believe that intelligence is a gradual believe in incremental theory” (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 368). In Dweck’s research she was able to show that, “those who had performance goal scored less or lower than those with goal performance due to their level of anxiety or expectation, they tend to suffer high “test anxiety” (Dweck 2014). Dweck research suggested that, “praise should be specific, and it should point out behavior that influences outcomes” (Dweck 2014).  For example, praising my nephews study skills, will help him to focus on the skills he can influence, whereas praising his intelligence on something he can’t change, leaves him without a way to influence a positive outcome.

Do you believe, as the socio-cognitive theorists do, that all learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior?

I do believe that social cognitive theory applies to learning under the context that it can affect our behavior through environmental and social factors. “Bandura who created the concept of social cognitive theory believed that we change our behavior through constant reinforcement for a goal directed behavior” (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 331). Bandura was able to illustrate that, “child A will eventual learn through process of learning over the behavior over and over again until eventually over time child A realizes that he would get desired reinforcement quicker through compliance” (Cervone & Pervin, 2016, p. 332-333). Remaining consistent and integrating constant reinforcement will prove to brings success.

How can you apply these findings to your education, work, or personal life?

These findings can be applied to my learning and performance goals, through the facts and feedback received from fellow students, my teachers and, my peers and my boss. This feedback is specific and helps me see which area needs improvement and which exceed expectations. I appreciate any help provided to me and appreciate other points of views; I might have overlooked. Feedback helps me to improve as a learner and allows me to create better performance goals.

What are the specific ways a person could tell or show another person that they matter?

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Angela Maiers is an educator (now educational consultant) with 25-years’ experience and the author of Classroom Habitudes and The Passion-Driven Classroom. Watch Maiers’ TEDTalk about the words “You Matter” and answer the following questions:

  1. Based on Maiers’ experience in the airport and her interactions with the supervisor, how could reflect appraisal impact the passengers’ and supervisor’s sense of self and self-worth?
  2. Can you apply self-fulfilling prophecies to this video? Explain.
  3. Do you believe that the message “You matter” can alter a person’s negative identity management in adulthood? Explain.
  4. What are the specific ways a person could tell or show another person that they matter? Give three to fiveAngela Maiers is an educator (now educational consultant) with 25-years’ experience and the author of Classroom Habitudes and The Passion-Driven Classroom. Watch Maiers’ TEDTalk about the words “You Matter” and answer the following questions:
    1. Based on Maiers’ experience in the airport and her interactions with the supervisor, how could reflect appraisal impact the passengers’ and supervisor’s sense of self and self-worth?
    2. Can you apply self-fulfilling prophecies to this video? Explain.
    3. Do you believe that the message “You matter” can alter a person’s negative identity management in adulthood? Explain.
    4. What are the specific ways a person could tell or show another person that they matter? Give three to five examples.

    .

Qualitative Research Report

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Interview Schedule – psychologists

1) Could you describe a little bit about yourself, where you work and what you do?

2) What kinds of community would you say you engage with?

3) In what ways are you engaging in psychology with those communities?

4) What does psychology offer community for you?

5) Do you think there are ways in which community shapes psychology? What does community offer psychology?

Interview Schedule – community members

1) Could you describe a little bit about yourself?

2) Could you describe your community, the community you work in/with and/or live in?

3) What types of psychology have you worked in/with/have you experienced?

4) What would you say psychology offers community?

5) Do you think there are ways in which community shapes psychology? What does community offer psychology?