Asian American Studies

Asian American Studies 308. Asian American Women / Spring 2018

 

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Final Project Development Assignment 2: Annotated Bibliography

This document is due as a printed document by the start of class on Thursday, February 15., -OR- you may submit this document as a digital file (Microsoft Word, Google Doc, or PDF file) to the Titanium Assignment Space (before 11:25am that day). 1. SHORT IDENTIFICATION: Create a succinct description of your project that quickly lets your reader “see” your project and understand why it needs to be researched. Length: 2-3 sentences. 2. RESEARCH CHRONOLOGIES: OPTIONAL

a. Identify the major events in your subject history, with an awareness of your subject’s development before the point at which your story events begin. b. Include relevant happenings at the local, national, and world level. Depending on how your project is situating particular frameworks for your study objectives, your chronology lines may seek to investigate political, military, immigration, social, economic, technical/science, etc. events to historicize and contextualize your case. This may be easier to track by making a grid or separate columns. c. If you have a main character, provide a time line for their life history.

3. Provide an ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY that presents the range and forms of evidence you can draw upon to present accurate and balanced points of view. Do not include any reference that has not been personally inspected (for instance, including a book title without understanding the book’s specific usefulness to your project). Minim um num ber of sources: At least two peer-reviewed sources, and two primary sources. (Researchers are encouraged to incorporate additional resources by the time of submission of the final project.) Samples of Student-produced annotated bibliographies are available at the Titanium class site.

• Peer-reviewed sources are typically articles from scholarly journals or books from university presses.

• Primary sources can be letters, census data, newspapers, works of art, your original ethnographic data like field observations, interviews, items from CSUF Archive Collections, etc..

* You may draw on assigned course readings for your project study, but these will not count toward your list of personally-curated sources. Format for Annotated Bibliographies: Use standard MLA or APA format for the citations, then add a brief abstract for each entry, including:

* One or two sentences to summarize the main idea(s) of the item, and * One or two sentences to relate the article to your research topic, your personal experience, or your future goals or to add a critical description.

 

 

 

 

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The benefits to doing research and making time lines is not just to secure a solid foundation on the topics raised in your project, but also to find information that surprises and challenges.

How do you know if you’re accessing more than one understanding of your subject? Here are some questions that, after research, you should be able to address: ! What is the popular discourse around my subject? (fiction accounts,

websites, print journalism, etc.) ! What major organizations address my issue and what are their

stances on it? ! How has this issue made national headlines, and when was the last

time legislation was passed, proposed, or amended? ! What sorts of debates emerged around such news stories or laws, and

what were the primary arguments and forms of evidence? ! What have previous scholars theorized about this topic? Have these

understandings changed over time? (Adapted from Broderick Fox, Documentary Media: History, Theory and Practice, p.71)

Our campus library specialists have provided an in-class orientation on how to search in more than one database. Start familiarizing yourself with existing scholarship, news and primary accounts so your project bibliography reflects a strong balance of knowledge to inform your work. Annotated Bibliography Samples Media File: Annotated Bibliography Samples

Overview Below you will find sample annotations from annotated bibliographies, each with a different research project. Remember that the annotations you include in your own bibliography should reflect your research project and/or the guidelines of your assignment.

As mentioned elsewhere in this resource, depending on the purpose of your bibliography, some annotations may summarize, some may assess or evaluate a source, and some may reflect on the source’s possible uses for the project at hand. Some annotations may address all three of these steps. Consider the purpose of your annotated bibliography and/or your instructor’s directions when deciding how much information to include in your annotations.

Please keep in mind that all your text, including the write-up beneath the citation, must be indented so that the author’s last name is the only text that is flush left.

Sample MLA Annotation

Lamott, Anne. Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life. Anchor Books,

1995.

Lamott’s book offers honest advice on the nature of a writing life, complete

with its insecurities and failures. Taking a humorous approach to the realities

of being a writer, the chapters in Lamott’s book are wry and anecdotal and offer

advice on everything from plot development to jealousy, from perfectionism to

struggling with one’s own internal critic. In the process, Lamott includes

writing exercises designed to be both productive and fun.

 

 

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Lamott offers sane advice for those struggling with the anxieties of writing,

but her main project seems to be offering the reader a reality check regarding

writing, publishing, and struggling with one’s own imperfect humanity in the

process. Rather than a practical handbook to producing and/or publishing, this

text is indispensable because of its honest perspective, its down-to-earth

humor, and its encouraging approach.

Chapters in this text could easily be included in the curriculum for a writing

class. Several of the chapters in Part 1 address the writing process and would

serve to generate discussion on students’ own drafting and revising processes.

Some of the writing exercises would also be appropriate for generating classroom

writing exercises. Students should find Lamott’s style both engaging and

enjoyable.

[Instructor’s NOTE: In the sample annotation above, the writer includes three paragraphs: a summary, an evaluation of the text, and a reflection on its applicability to his/her own research, respectively.]

Sample APA Annotation

Ehrenreich, B. (2001). Nickel and dimed: On (not) getting by in America. New

York: Henry Holt and Company.

In this book of nonfiction based on the journalist’s experiential research,

Ehrenreich attempts to ascertain whether it is currently possible for an

individual to live on a minimum-wage in America. Taking jobs as a waitress, a

maid in a cleaning service, and a Walmart sales employee, the author summarizes

and reflects on her work, her relationships with fellow workers, and her

financial struggles in each situation.

 

An experienced journalist, Ehrenreich is aware of the limitations of her

experiment and the ethical implications of her experiential research tactics and

reflects on these issues in the text. The author is forthcoming about her

methods and supplements her experiences with scholarly research on her places of

employment, the economy, and the rising cost of living in America. Ehrenreich’s

project is timely, descriptive, and well-researched.

[Instructor’s NOTE: The annotation above both summarizes and assesses the book in the citation. The first paragraph provides a brief summary of the author’s project in the book, covering the main points of the work. The second paragraph points out the project’s strengths and evaluates its methods and presentation. This particular annotation does not reflect on the source’s potential importance or usefulness for this person’s own research. [Our class assignment requires this to be included.]

 

 

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/jc Source notes: Annotated Bibliography Samples. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/03/ Copyright ©1995-2017 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University.

Which of the following is not one of the three rules that govern segregation of duties?

 

Question 1

Which type of control is considered a compensating control?

segregation of duties

access control

supervision

accounting records

Question 2

In regard to the bill of lading which of the following is false?

The shipping clerk normally prepares the bill of lading

It is a formal contract between the seller and the shipping company

It establishes legal ownership and responsibility for assets in transit

It is completed before the packing slip and shipping notice

Question 3

The bill of lading is prepared by the

sales clerk

warehouse clerk

shipping clerk

billing clerk

Question 4

Good internal controls in the revenue cycle should ensure all of the following except

all sales are profitable

all sales are recorded

credit is authorized

inventory to be shipped is not stolen

Question 5

Which of following functions should be segregated?

opening the mail and recording cash receipts in the journal

authorizing credit and determining reorder quantities

shipping goods and preparing the bill of lading

providing information on inventory levels and reconciling the bank statement

Question 6

Which situation indicates a weak internal control structure?

the AR clerk authorizes the write off of bad debts

the record- keeping clerk maintains both AR and AP subsidiary ledgers

the inventory control clerk authorizes inventory purchases

the AR clerk prepares customer statements every month

Question 7

When will a credit check approval most likely require specific authorization by the credit department?

when verifying that the current transaction does not exceed the customer’s credit limit

when verifying that the current transaction is with a valid customer

when a valid customer places a materially large order

when a valid customer returns goods

Question 8

Which of the following is not one of the three rules that govern segregation of duties?

All transactions should be independently verified to verify the completeness and accuracy of the transaction

Transaction authorization should be separate from transaction processing

Asset custody should be separate from the task of asset record keeping

The organization should be structured so that the perpetration of a fraud requires collusion between two or more individuals

Question 9

Which situation indicates a weak internal control structure?

the mailroom clerk authorizes credit memos

the record keeping clerk maintains both accounts receivable and accounts payable subsidiary ledgers

the warehouse clerk obtains a signature before releasing goods for shipment

the accounts receivable clerk prepares customer statements every month

Question 10

The credit department

prepares credit memos when goods are returned

approves credits to accounts receivable when payments are received

authorizes the granting of credit to customers

none of the above

Tracing is a method used to verify the logical operations executed by a computer.

Question 1

A check digit is a method of detecting incorrectly account numbers that are entered incorrectly.

True

False

Question 2

Tracing is a method used to verify the logical operations executed by a computer.

True

False

Question 3

Generalized audit software packages are owned by the auditor’s client.

True

False

Question 4

In parallel simulation a program is created that does what the application program does. Transactions are reprocessed and the parallel simulation results are compared to the actual application results.

True

False

Question 5

The integrated test facility involves an audit module designed into the application with dummy or test records integrated among legitimate records. An example would be a dummy company or account against which transactions could be tested.

True

False

Question 6

A salami fraud affects a large number of victims, but the harm to each appears to be very small.

True

False

Question 7

Check digits are designed to detect transcription and transposition errors.

True

False

Question 8

The program maintenance change authorization should be approved by either the computer services management or the user department management.

True

False

Question 9

An example of a hash total is

total payroll checks–$12,315

total number of employees–10

sum of the social security numbers–12,555,437,251

none of the above

Question 10

Which input control check would detect a payment made to a nonexistent vendor?

Incorrect numeric/alphabetic check

missing data check

numeric/alphabetic check

range check

validity check

Question 11

Transaction data should never be used to update a master file until it is tested for validity, accuracy and completeness.

True

False

Question 12

The employee entered “40” in the “hours worked per day” field. Which check would detect this unintentional error?

numeric/alphabetic data check

sign check

limit check

missing data check

Question 13

The integrated test facility (ITF) uses dummy records integrated with legitimate records.

True

False

Question 14

The white box approach audits through the computer and tests the application logic directly.

True

False

Question 15

Organizations must insure that there is adequate control in regard to report distribution.

True

False

Question 16

An example of a limit check is having a payroll system test the number of hours worked. For example, if the company’s policy is that no worker works more than 50 hours, than the system can test the hours worked field and either reject the transaction or show it on an exception report.

True

False

Question 17

Which of the following is not one of the audit objectives relating to systems development?

Ensure that the systems development activities are applied consistently and in accordance with management’s policy to all systems development projects.

Ensure that the system as originally implemented is free from material errors and fraud.

Ensure that system documentation is sufficiently accurate and complete.

Ensure that the system was judged necessary and justified at various checkpoints throughout the SDLC.

All of the above are audit objectives relating to systems development.

Question 18

The black box approach to testing application controls is essentially auditing around the computer.

True

False

Archaeology

Graham Hancock � FINGERPRINTS OF THE GODS

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FINGERPRINTS OF THE GODS

Also by Graham Hancock

Journey Through Pakistan Ethiopia: The Challenge of Hunger

AIDS: The Deadly Epidemic Lords of Poverty

African Ark: Peoples of the Horn The Sign and the Seal: A Quest for the Lost Ark of the Covenant

The Message of the Sphinx (with Robert Bauval)

 

 

Graham Hancock � FINGERPRINTS OF THE GODS

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Fingerprints of the Gods

Graham Hancock Photographs by Santha Faiia

Three Rivers Press New York

 

 

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Copyright © 1995 by Graham Hancock All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or

transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,

without permission in writing from the publisher.

Published by Three Rivers Press, a division of Crown Publishers, Inc., 201 East 50th Street, New York, New York 10022.

Member of the Crown Publishing Group.

Originally published in Great Britain by William Heinemann, Ltd., an imprint of Reed Consumer Books Ltd., in 1995.

First American hardcover edition published by Crown Publishers, Inc., in 1995.

Random House, Inc. New York, Toronto, London, Sydney, Auckland www.randomhouse.com

THREE RIVERS PRESS and colophon are trademarks of Crown Publishers, Inc.

Printed in the United States of America

Line illustrations by R. J. Cook

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hancock, Graham.

Fingerprints of the gods / by Graham Hancock.�1st American ed. Includes index.

1. Lost continents. 2. Civilization, Ancient. 3. Antarctica-Discovery and exploration. 4. World maps�To 1800. I. Title.

GH751.H293 1995 930-dc20 95-6964

ISBN 0-517-88729-0 15

14 13 12 11 10

 

 

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For Santha … for being there. With all my love.

 

 

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Contents

Contents ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………10 Part I ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………12

Chapter 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….13 Ancient sources ………………………………………………………………………………………14 A man ahead of his time …………………………………………………………………………..19 Piri Reis and his sources……………………………………………………………………………21 Legacy of a lost civilization? ………………………………………………………………………21

Chapter 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….23 Ross Sea ………………………………………………………………………………………………..24 Mercator and Buache………………………………………………………………………………..25 The epoch of the map-makers ……………………………………………………………………27 South America…………………………………………………………………………………………31 Sea levels and ice ages ……………………………………………………………………………..32

Chapter 3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….35 The mysteries of longitude………………………………………………………………………..35 Precision instruments……………………………………………………………………………….38 The lost mathematicians …………………………………………………………………………..39

Part II …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..42 Chapter 4 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….43

The riddle of the lines ………………………………………………………………………………43 Linemakers, map-makers ………………………………………………………………………….48

Chapter 5 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….50 �Foam of the Sea� …………………………………………………………………………………….50 Citadel of Viracocha …………………………………………………………………………………51 The bearded stranger……………………………………………………………………………….52

Chapter 6 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….54 Civilizing mission…………………………………………………………………………………….56 The work of demons?……………………………………………………………………………….57

Chapter 7 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….60 Casting down the giants……………………………………………………………………………60 Ancient traditions ……………………………………………………………………………………62 Time capsule…………………………………………………………………………………………..63 Machu Picchu dreaming ……………………………………………………………………………64 Jigsaw puzzle………………………………………………………………………………………….66

Chapter 8 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….68 Rumours of a cataclysm ……………………………………………………………………………69

Chapter 9 ………………………………………………………………………………………………….73 Boats, water and salvation…………………………………………………………………………73 Reed boats of Suriqui ……………………………………………………………………………….75 Road to Tiahuanaco … ……………………………………………………………………………..76

Chapter 10 ………………………………………………………………………………………………..77 Sunken temple ………………………………………………………………………………………..78 Pyramid …………………………………………………………………………………………………79 Gateway of the Sun ………………………………………………………………………………….81

Chapter 11 ………………………………………………………………………………………………..83 Fish-garbed figures ………………………………………………………………………………….85 Images of extinct species ………………………………………………………………………….87

Chapter 12 ………………………………………………………………………………………………..92

 

 

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Struggle and abandonment ……………………………………………………………………….94 An artificial language ……………………………………………………………………………….97 Mexico…………………………………………………………………………………………………..97

Part III…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..99 Chapter 13 ………………………………………………………………………………………………100

Slaughterhouses ……………………………………………………………………………………101 Children of the Fifth Sun …………………………………………………………………………103 Lightbringer ………………………………………………………………………………………….105

Chapter 14 ………………………………………………………………………………………………107 Viracocha�s Mexican twin ………………………………………………………………………..107 Cosmic struggle…………………………………………………………………………………….110 Fire serpents …………………………………………………………………………………………111 Serpent Sanctuary ………………………………………………………………………………….112

Chapter 15 ………………………………………………………………………………………………114 Tears for the past…………………………………………………………………………………..115 Gigantic men of deformed stature …………………………………………………………….117 Remnants……………………………………………………………………………………………..118 Pyramids upon pyramids …………………………………………………………………………120

Chapter 16 ………………………………………………………………………………………………122 Santiago Tuxtla……………………………………………………………………………………..124 Tres Zapotes …………………………………………………………………………………………124

Chapter 17 ………………………………………………………………………………………………127 San Lorenzo ………………………………………………………………………………………….127 La Venta……………………………………………………………………………………………….128 Deus ex machina……………………………………………………………………………………133 Whispers of ancient secrets ……………………………………………………………………..134

Chapter 18 ………………………………………………………………………………………………136 Hypothetical third party ………………………………………………………………………….138 Villahermosa to Oaxaca…………………………………………………………………………..141

Chapter 19 ………………………………………………………………………………………………143 Monte Alban: the downfall of masterful men ………………………………………………148 Legacy …………………………………………………………………………………………………149

Chapter 20 ………………………………………………………………………………………………151 Pacal�s tomb …………………………………………………………………………………………152 Pyramid of the Magician ………………………………………………………………………….154 A science of prophecy …………………………………………………………………………….157

Chapter 21 ………………………………………………………………………………………………158 Knowledge out of place…………………………………………………………………………..160 Someone else�s science?………………………………………………………………………….161

Chapter 22 ………………………………………………………………………………………………165 The Citadel, the Temple and the Map of Heaven ………………………………………….166 Egypt and Mexico�more coincidences?……………………………………………………..168 Hints of forgotten wisdom……………………………………………………………………….171

Chapter 23 ………………………………………………………………………………………………174 Erasing messages from the past……………………………………………………………….175 Eternal numbers…………………………………………………………………………………….176 Mathematical city …………………………………………………………………………………..180

Part IV ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..183 Chapter 24 ………………………………………………………………………………………………184

And the ark went upon the face of the waters……………………………………………..184 Central America …………………………………………………………………………………….187 South America……………………………………………………………………………………….188 North America……………………………………………………………………………………….190 Water water everywhere ………………………………………………………………………….190 Greece, India and Egypt…………………………………………………………………………..192

 

 

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On the trail of a mystery………………………………………………………………………….194 Chapter 25 ………………………………………………………………………………………………197

Indescribable cold, fire, earthquakes and derangement of the skies ……………….199 A monster chased the sun ……………………………………………………………………….201

Chapter 26 ………………………………………………………………………………………………203 Cinderella�s slipper ………………………………………………………………………………..205

Chapter 27 ………………………………………………………………………………………………207 Alaska and Siberia: the sudden freeze ……………………………………………………….208 A thousand Krakatoas, all at once …………………………………………………………….211 Global flooding ……………………………………………………………………………………..212 A token of good faith ……………………………………………………………………………..217

Part V …………………………………………………………………………………………………………219 Chapter 28 ………………………………………………………………………………………………222

The wild celestial dance ………………………………………………………………………….222 Recondite influences ………………………………………………………………………………224 The wobble of a deformed planet ……………………………………………………………..226 A great secret of the past ………………………………………………………………………..230

Chapter 29 ………………………………………………………………………………………………232 When did the ancients first work out precession?…………………………………………235

Chapter 30 ………………………………………………………………………………………………240 At the mill with slaves …………………………………………………………………………….242 Openers of the way ………………………………………………………………………………..246

Chapter 31 ………………………………………………………………………………………………250 Computing the Great Return ……………………………………………………………………251 Better than Hipparchus……………………………………………………………………………252 Times of decay………………………………………………………………………………………253 Dogs, uncles and revenge ……………………………………………………………………….258 Scientists with something to say……………………………………………………………….260

Chapter 32 ………………………………………………………………………………………………262 A message in the bottle of time………………………………………………………………..263 Mill of pain……………………………………………………………………………………………264

Part VI ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..267 Chapter 33 ………………………………………………………………………………………………268

Inexplicable precision …………………………………………………………………………….269 Black hole in history……………………………………………………………………………….271 Ships in the desert …………………………………………………………………………………272

Chapter 34 ………………………………………………………………………………………………274 Time and motion……………………………………………………………………………………274 Rampant stupidity………………………………………………………………………………….276 The guardian and the vision …………………………………………………………………….278 Under Egyptian skies………………………………………………………………………………279 Thinking like giants ……………………………………………………………………………….281

Chapter 35 ………………………………………………………………………………………………283 Trivializing the mystery…………………………………………………………………………..284 The cupboard was bare …………………………………………………………………………..286 Bottlenecks in the well-shaft…………………………………………………………………….290 Not like other tombs ………………………………………………………………………………291 A certain smell … …………………………………………………………………………………..292 Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………295

Chapter 36 ………………………………………………………………………………………………297 A singular oppression … …………………………………………………………………………297 The moving finger writes and having writ it moves on ………………………………….300 Pandora�s Box ……………………………………………………………………………………….303

Chapter 37 ………………………………………………………………………………………………305 The Beacon …………………………………………………………………………………………..305

 

 

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Mind games of the pyramid builders …………………………………………………………307 Unknown dark distance…………………………………………………………………………..309 The Queen�s Chamber…………………………………………………………………………….312 Instrument ……………………………………………………………………………………………313

Chapter 38 ………………………………………………………………………………………………316 Antechamber ………………………………………………………………………………………..317 Stone enigmas ………………………………………………………………………………………319 Ceremony of the sarcophagus ………………………………………………………………….322 The game-master …………………………………………………………………………………..324

Chapter 39 ………………………………………………………………………………………………328 Temple of the giants ………………………………………………………………………………329 Lord of Rostau ………………………………………………………………………………………332 Vastly, remotely, fabulously ancient ………………………………………………………….333 Whose Sphinx is it anyway? ……………………………………………………………………..335

Part VII ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….339 Chapter 40 ………………………………………………………………………………………………340

Bauval�s Stars and West�s Stones ………………………………………………………………341 The way of the jackal ……………………………………………………………………………..345

Chapter 41 ………………………………………………………………………………………………347 Connections and similarities ……………………………………………………………………349 Gift of the Gods? ……………………………………………………………………………………350

Chapter 42 ………………………………………………………………………………………………354 Broken images of a lost technology?………………………………………………………….355 Repositories of a lost science? ………………………………………………………………….356 The train of the Sun and the dweller in Sirius………………………………………………359 Millions of years and the movements of the stars ………………………………………..361 Copies, or translations?…………………………………………………………………………..363 Last records of the First Time?………………………………………………………………….364

Chapter 43 ………………………………………………………………………………………………367 Records of prehistory……………………………………………………………………………..367 Gods, Demigods and Spirits of the Dead ……………………………………………………369 Diodorus Siculus and Herodotus……………………………………………………………….370 The Turin Papyrus and the Palermo Stone…………………………………………………..372

Chapter 44 ………………………………………………………………………………………………375 Breath of the divine serpent …………………………………………………………………….376 Osiris and the Lords of Eternity ………………………………………………………………..378 Serene stability ……………………………………………………………………………………..381

Chapter 45 ………………………………………………………………………………………………383 Atef Crown……………………………………………………………………………………………383 Seventeen centuries of kings……………………………………………………………………385 Hypogeum ……………………………………………………………………………………………385 The most ancient stone building in Egypt …………………………………………………..387 Frankfort�s facts…………………………………………………………………………………….391 Setting sail across seas of sand and time……………………………………………………393

Chapter 46 ………………………………………………………………………………………………397 Kick-start ……………………………………………………………………………………………..398 Climate Change……………………………………………………………………………………..399 Unseen connections?………………………………………………………………………………400 �Where is the rest of this civilization?�………………………………………………………..400

Chapter 47 ………………………………………………………………………………………………402 John West……………………………………………………………………………………………..402 Robert Schoch�s geology: Unriddling the Sphinx………………………………………….404 Legendary civilizations ……………………………………………………………………………407 Magellan and the first dinosaur bone ………………………………………………………..408 The problem of transmission……………………………………………………………………410

 

 

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Second opinion ……………………………………………………………………………………..411 Chapter 48 ………………………………………………………………………………………………413

Geodetic marker ……………………………………………………………………………………414 Doing things by degrees …………………………………………………………………………416 The Pyramid/Earth ratio ………………………………………………………………………….417 Matching fingerprints? ……………………………………………………………………………419 Navigators in the Boat of Millions of Years………………………………………………….420 The signature of a distant date…………………………………………………………………423

Chapter 49 ………………………………………………………………………………………………425 The Orion Mystery………………………………………………………………………………….426 The First Time……………………………………………………………………………………….428 The platform…………………………………………………………………………………………430 The cult ……………………………………………………………………………………………….431 The machine …………………………………………………………………………………………434 The second signature……………………………………………………………………………..436 Forcing the question ………………………………………………………………………………440

Part VIII……………………………………………………………………………………………………….441 Chapter 50 ………………………………………………………………………………………………442

Geophysical impossibilities ……………………………………………………………………..442 Library angels ……………………………………………………………………………………….444 The missing piece of the puzzle……………………………………………………………….444 Gravitational influences…………………………………………………………………………..447 The lost continent ………………………………………………………………………………….448

Chapter 51 ………………………………………………………………………………………………450 A lifeless polar desert……………………………………………………………………………..452 Exhibit 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………453 Exhibit 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………454 Exhibit 3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………455 Exhibit 4 ………………………………………………………………………………………………455 Exhibit 5 ………………………………………………………………………………………………455 Exhibit 6 ………………………………………………………………………………………………455 Exhibit 7 ………………………………………………………………………………………………455 Exhibit 8 ………………………………………………………………………………………………456 Exhibit 9 ………………………………………………………………………………………………456 Exhibit 10 …………………………………………………………………………………………….457 The icy executioner………………………………………………………………………………..458 Mars and earth………………………………………………………………………………………460 Memories of the polar dawn?……………………………………………………………………461 An epoch of turmoil and darkness…………………………………………………………….462 Exhibit 11 …………………………………………………………………………………………….463 Exhibit 12 …………………………………………………………………………………………….463 Exhibit 13 …………………………………………………………………………………………….464 Exhibit 14 …………………………………………………………………………………………….464