Operant Conditioning And Superstitions

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ALL WORK MUST BE ORIGINAL 100% AS IT GOES THROUGH A TURNITIN PROGRAM. MUST BE ON TIME AND NEED TO HAVE AT LEAST 4 SOURCES

 

 

 

Operant Conditioning and Superstitions

Many people believe that superstitions are absolutely true. This often causes them to believe and act in ways that are out of the norm either to avoid a negative outcome or to bring about a positive outcome. However, the origins of all superstitions lie in operant conditioning (for example, wearing the same shirt worn during a victory game to all future games in order to ensure victory).

In this assignment, you will examine the process by which operant conditioning can lead to the formation of a superstition.

Using the module readings, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet, research the development of operant conditioning and its basic principles. Then, address the following:

  • Describe the historical antecedents of operant conditioning. What factors led to the rise of operant conditioning?
  • Describe the principles/concepts which can be applied to explain the process by which operant conditioning can lead to the development and maintenance of superstitions.
  • Brainstorm to come up with a number of superstitions you may have heard or read about. Using your knowledge and vocabulary of operant conditioning, choose one of these superstitions. Then, describe in detail, the thinking processes involved that resulted in the acquisition and perpetuation of this irrational belief.
  • Describe a specific aspect of the operant conditioning process that leads to these beliefs becoming so deeply ingrained and long standing in nature.
  • Explain whether a person can ever be rid of superstitions. What methods can be used to help such a person?
  • Interview a family member or friend to discover a superstition that he or she believes in. Explain the nature of the event that led to the formation of this superstition. Does this information fit with your understanding of how the operant conditioning process results in the development of superstitions? Why or why not?

Write a 3–4-page paper in Word format. The paper should be double-spaced and in 12 point, Times New Roman font with regular one-inch margins and free of typographical and grammatical errors. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Be sure to include a title page and a reference page. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M3_A2.doc.

By Wednesday, July 2, 2014,

Discuss the importance of behavioral observation in cognitive psychology.

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Due Day 7 (Monday):  Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper (12 points):  This paper should be posted as a Word attachment in the Assignment Section and should be consistent with APA guidelines.  Prepare a 700-1050-word paper in which you define cognitive psychology.  Be sure to address the following topics in your paper.

 

·         Identify at least four key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology as a discipline.

·         Discuss the importance of behavioral observation in cognitive psychology.

 

·         Include your Certificate of Originality which can be found either as a Word document in the Course Materials or also accessed through the Center for Writing Excellence

Cultural And Linguistic Differences

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Listen to the Cultural and Linguistic Differences podcast from The IRIS Center, or read the transcript. Consider what Donna Ford has to say about prejudice and stereotyping. Then, read the “Culture-Based Education and Its Relationship to Student Outcomes” article.

Discuss how educators can positively influence a school-age child to not hold biases or prejudices against others. Give an example of how a teacher can create a community of learners who support one another by fostering positive attitudes. Give an example of how an educator could teach his or her students the importance of acceptance. Your post must address the children in the concrete operational stage.

Estimating the Benefits and Costs of Your Choices

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Choices

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According to studies of graduates of bachelor-degree programs in psychology, entry-level positions tend to pay relatively little and may be relatively unsatisfying. Although the positions, pay, and reported job satisfaction of psychology majors tend to significantly improve many years after graduation, those who enter the workforce immediately upon graduation risk at least a few years of less-than-satisfactory employment (Landrum & Elison-Bowers, 2009; Rajecki & Borden, 2011).

Although graduate school can be a route to a better paying, more satisfying job and career, it is quite expensive. According to the APA (2003), a doctoral degree results in most students entering into debts worth $50,000 to $75,000 or even more. The median debt incurred for a master’s degree is approximately $25,000 (Kantrowitz, 2011).

Using your textbook, the Internet, and the Argosy University online library resources, research choices such as entering the workforce immediately upon graduation or enrolling in a graduate school. On the basis of your research, respond to the following:

  • Select one of the options: entering the workforce upon graduation or attending graduate school. Identify at least five benefits and at least five risks associated your chosen option. For example, if you choose to enter the workforce immediately upon graduation, identify the benefits and risks of doing so. Cite at least two sources of this information.
  • Design a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation illustrating the risks and benefits. Include at least one graph, chart, or table to add to the presentation’s visual appeal.
    • If you have chosen to enter the workforce, imagine you are designing the presentation for a job fair at which you are a recruiter trying to convince new graduates of undergraduate programs to work for your organization.
    • If you have chosen to enter graduate school, imagine you are designing the presentation for a professional conference where you hope to recruit undergraduate seniors to apply to your graduate program.
    • Include one slide with a speech or a persuasive narrative, in your own words, to persuade students or recent graduates to make one choice (join the workforce or enter graduate school).
    • Include at least one slide addressing recent trends in the job market and analyzing whether this is an optimal time to enter the workforce or to continue your studies in graduate school.
    • Include at least one slide addressing the pitfalls recent graduates from bachelor’s degree programs face and how best to avoid those challenges. One pitfall must be related to the financial risk of or the debt incurred as a result of making each choice (joining the workforce and continuing school).

Refer to the sidebar to download and review a copy of either the Microsoft Word poster template, or else the Microsoft PowerPoint poster template.

  • Support your statements with information from academic sources, one of which can be your textbook. Be sure to include in-text citations and a reference list on the final slides of the presentation.

References:

American Psychological Association. (2003). Frequently asked questions
about graduate school. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/education/
grad/faqs.aspx?item=11

Kantrowitz, M. (2011). Student loans. Retrieved from http://www.finaid.org/
loans/

Landrum, R. E., & Elison-Bowers, P. (2009). The post-baccalaureate
perceptions of psychology alumni. The College Student Journal,
43(2), 676–681.

Rajecki, D. W., & Borden, V. M. H. (2011). Psychology degrees:
Employment, wage, and career trajectory consequences.
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(4), 321–335.

Submission Details:

  • Apply APA standards to cite your sources. Use the following file-naming convention: M4_A2_Lastname_Firstname.ppt.
  • By Wednesday, July 23, 2014, deliver your assignment to the M4 Assignment 2 Dropbox.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Correctly identified five benefits and five risks associated with the selected option, showing application of research and analysis. Cited at least two sources.
20
Created a visually appealing presentation explaining the risks and benefits of the selected option to the relevant audience.
20
Included a slide with a persuasive speech or narrative designed to persuade others to choose either the workforce or graduate school.
15
Included at least one slide with a discussion of recent trends in the job market and an analysis of whether this is an optimal time to work or seek a higher-level degree.
15
Included at least one slide addressing the pitfalls recent graduates face, ensuring that one of the pitfalls mentioned is financially related.
10
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
20
Total:
100

 

Displays links to download a copy of either the Microsoft Word or Microsoft PowerPoint poster template.