DUE in 24 hours

 

• summarize my alzheimer’s findings and recommendations into 4 concluding paragraphs.

Read through my paper (uploaded below) and summarize it within the requirements below!

Requirements:

1. In 2 paragraphs, summarize your research about past and present approaches to prevention and control of the disease.
2. In 2 paragraphs, summarize your recommendations for how researchers and healthcare workers should approach the prevention and control of the disease in the future.
3. List at least two research sources you’ve identified that you think have information relevant to the disease you’re researching. Include URLs to specific articles or Web pages.

Your paper should:

• be at least 1 page in length.
• cite research sources in APA format.
• be free of spelling and grammar errors.1

  Running Head: Designing a Case-control and Cohort Study

   

   

   

   

  Designing a Case-control and Cohort Study

  Sunday, May 17, 2015 Case Design Control Study

  Hypothesis

  The researchers hypothesized that the comparative impact of emerging risk factors including abdominal obesity, glucose abnormalities, homocysteine as well as other psychological and nutritional factors and convectional risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, elevated cholesterol and smoking for cardiovascular diseases are different from people with varying geographic and ethnic origins. Furthermore, only 50% of these cases can be linked to the risk factors through conventional wisdom (Yusuf et al., 2004).

  Definition of Cases

  The study involved selection of patients admitted to a coronary care unit or a related cardiology ward for their first MI in 52 countries throughout Europe, Middle East, Asia, Australia, Africa, North America and South America in 262 participating centres(Yusuf et al., 2004).

  The Number of Cases

  From the research, the researchers selected 15152 cases from 52 countries of patients with acute myocardial infarction (Yusuf et al., 2004).

  Definition and Selection of Controls

  In the same manner as the selection of cases was done- in the 262 participating centres for patience having their first MI in 52 countries- matching controls were also recruited. The controls were matched by their ages-less or more than five years as well as their respective sexes(Yusuf et al., 2004).

  The Number of Controls

  In the study, 14820 controls were selected (Yusuf et al., 2004).

  Inclusion or Exclusion Criteria

  In the selection of incident cases, patients who qualified for the study included only those patients who were enrolled in the coronary care unit within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. The controls were required to have no medical history of having heart disease (Yusuf et al., 2004).

  Exposure of Interest

  The study targeted patients with known exposure to cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, exercise, psychological factors, alcohol intake, daily consumption of fruits and vegetables and a combination of all these factors(Yusuf et al., 2004).

  Where and How the Information of Exposure was obtained

  Information of patient exposures was obtained from questionnaires, medical data and through standard physical measurements (Yusuf et al., 2004).

  Participants with a Positive History

  Among the selected participants, only 12, 461 cases and 9,459 controls had positive results (Yusuf et al., 2004).

  Measure of Association

  The association strength between the AMI and risk factors was approximated by odds ratio (OR). Additionally, the researchers investigated the variations in associations with regards to the age, sex, ethnic region and geographic region so as to quantify the effect of each risk factor singly and combined with populace risk following the calculations by the Population Attributable Risk (PAR) (Yusuf et al., 2004).

   

  Reference

  Yusuf, S., Hawken, S., Ounpuu, S., Dans, T., Avezum, A., Lanas, F., McQueen, M., … INTERHEART Study Investigators. (2004). Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet, 364, 9438, 11-17.

REFERENCE

Textbook: Shi, L. (2014). Introduction to Health Policy. Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press. Washington, D.C.: Health Admin. Press.

Please write up 150 to 200 word count for Questions 1 to 10, #11 is a PowerPoint, #12 use scenario to complete attached table and #13 Write up to a page-; try and relate the materials to real-life applications and also to the textbook and health policy. Cite and Reference all work!

 

1. How do national economic trends, indicators, and challenges apply to health care policy?

 

2. Discuss the opportunities and challenges for bringing stakeholders together to formulate a policy. (For example, a religious group opposed to a policy to make birth control available within schools.)

 

3. The Supreme Court has ruled to uphold the subsidies that are included in the affordable care act. See the article at the link below. What effect do you think this ruling will have on health care?

http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/25/politics/supreme-court-ruling-obamacare/

4. Chap 4: Using examples from Canada, Sweden, and China, identify stakeholders and describe their interests in and influence on health policymaking.

 

5. Chap 5: Describe healthcare financing in the United States, and list some reasons for the

country’s high healthcare expenditures. What are the major types of private health insurance in the United States? Who are the beneficiaries of these programs?

 

6. What on your thoughts on the future of health care rationing. How do you think escalating costs will influence rationing?

7. Describe the United States legislative process and discuss the hierarchy of laws in the US judicial system

 

8. As you have read in several of the documents, there continues to be a medically under served population in the United States. While being aware of the high cost of health care and the difficulty in subsidizing the cost of care for others, what suggestions do you have on how we can best serve this population?

 

 

9. Read and discuss the article: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19161502

 

10. Read and discuss article: http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=394&sectionid=39883580

 

11. Create a PowerPoint– 3- 5 slides, must include speaker notes, cite and reference properly.

 

You are employed by the local government and you have been assigned to work with a team in educating the health care consumers of your community about Medicare. You and your team have been tasked with creating a multimedia tool that will be made available at any local government office with this information.

· Give a brief introduction on Historical Perspective on Medicare

· Identify the various stakeholders involved in the creation of this policy.

12. Scenario: See attached table: Policies and Perceptive

Health insurance companies can’t refuse to cover you or charge you more just because you have a pre-existing condition. They also can’t charge women more than men.Being sick won’t keep you from getting coverage. Your insurance company can’t turn you down or charge you more because of your pre-existing health or medical condition like asthma, back pain, diabetes, or cancer. Once you have insurance, they can’t refuse to cover treatment for your pre-existing condition. This is true even if you’ve been turned down or refused coverage due to a pre-existing condition in the past.

Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) also can’t refuse to cover you or charge you more because of your pre-existing condition.When you get care for a pre-existing condition, you’ll still need to pay any deductibles, copayments, and coinsurance your plan requires. It doesn’t matter whether you’re being treated for a pre-existing or new health condition. One exception: Grandfathered plans. The only exception to the pre-existing coverage rule is for grandfathered individual health insurance plans — the kind you buy yourself, not through an employer. They don’t have to cover pre-existing conditions. If you have one of these plans you can switch to a Marketplace plan that covers pre-existing conditions.

· You can do this during open enrollment, but be sure to contact your insurance company first to learn about how and when you can cancel your current plan.

· You can also buy a Marketplace plan outside open enrollment when your grandfathered plan year ends. Your plan ending gives you a Special Enrollment Period to enroll in different coverage.

“Coverage for Pre-Existing Conditions”, Retrieved from https://www.healthcare.gov/protections/preconditions/

13. Proposed policy: Policies are constantly being reviewed and considered to help improve the federal, state, or local health care systems. Each one has the potential to affect each of us on a daily basis, so careful consideration must be given when policies are proposed. It is important to understand the process of how a topic eventually becomes a policy.

Choose a health care topic for which a policy might be formed.