Discussion: Target Area Or Population

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  • In your original post consisting of thoughtful responses,
  • Describe the target area or intended population to be served by your project
  • Explain why you selected this target area or population.
  • Discuss any issues you have identified in the target area or population that may impact your implementation.

    Running head: 2-1 DISCUSSION: DEFINE YOUR PROJECT STATEMENT 1

    2-1 DISCUSSION: DEFINE YOUR PROJECT STATEMENT 3

    2-1 Discussion: Define Your Project Statement

    Student’s Name

    Institutional Affiliation

    2-1 Discussion: Define Your Project Statement

    A good ECLIPSE statement has fundamental elements that must be included for the question that arises to suit the clinical or healthcare standards (Saimbert, Pierce, & Hargwood, 2016). The elements that must be present in such a statement should satisfy the PICO acronym, in which case the letters P, I, C, O stand for Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome respectively (Hastings & Fisher, 2014). A statement such as “hand washing among healthcare personnel reduce hospital-acquired infections” can be framed in a question like “Does the practice of hand washing among healthcare personnel minimize the occurrence of hospital-acquired infections? This is a question that bears all the elements of a standard ECLIPSE statement in that it satisfies the provisions of the PICO acronym.

    In this case, for instance, the P (population) in the PICO represents the population that the question refers to, which is the “healthcare personnel.” Therefore, the question or the statement is limited to this population and the research that can be carried out in this regard cannot deviate from the stated target population. The I (Intervention) is the “act or practice of washing hand” by the said workers, staff, or personnel in the healthcare environment. The third element, C (Comparison) is the comparison with the setup in which the act of hand washing is absent. There has to be a contradiction or comparison so that one is able to tell whether the investigation is objective enough and meets the desired outcome of establishing facts, something that is referred to as a control experiment in scientific inquiries. Finally, the O (Outcome) in the statement is the prospect of minimization of the cases of hospital-acquired infections.

    References

    Hastings, C., & Fisher, C. A. (2014). Searching for proof: Creating and using an actionable PICO question. Nursing management, 45(8), 9-12.

    Saimbert, M., Pierce, J., & Hargwood, P. (2016). Developing Clinical Questions for Systematic Review. Comprehensive Systematic Review for Advanced Practice Nursing, 79.

Why do you see increases and decreases in the invasive species population?

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Student Instructions

For each assignment, you will use the M.U.S.E. link to complete the lab. Access the M.U.S.E. by clicking on Learning Materials.

In this lab, you will determine how an invasive species—the zebra and quagga mussel—affects other species in the freshwater lake. Use the animation to help you come up with an answer to the following:

Why do you see increases and decreases in the invasive species population?

What are the implications associated with these alterations to the ecosystem as a whole?

The Effects of Zebra and Quagga Mussels Introduced into a Freshwater Lake

As you have learned, population dynamics are caused by the biotic potential of the population and the effects of environmental resistance. When there is minimal environmental resistance impacting a population, it will exhibit a population explosion. One reason for minimal resistance could be factors that no longer regulate a population (e.g., predator decline or resource increases). Another reason for a population explosion is the introduction of an invasive species. Invasive species are species foreign to an ecosystem and are not immediately regulated by the environmental restraints of the particular ecosystem that they invade. This in turn allows their populations to grow seemingly uncontrolled and to displace other indigenous populations. Examples of such an invasive species into North America are dreissenid mussels, commonly known as zebra and quagga mussels. Their introduction into the Great Lakes has caused economic hardship and a reorganization of the ecosystem. This has led, in part, to pollution-causing effects that can be linked to an alga known as Cladophora.

Ecosystems are webs of intricately balanced interactions, what happens when a new species is introduced that uses a disproportionate share of the ecosystem’s resources?

Using the M.U.S.E. link, review the background information and animation to complete your report.

Use the Lab 5 worksheet for assignment instructions and data collection.

Student Instructions

For each assignment, you will use the M.U.S.E. link to complete the lab. Access the M.U.S.E. by clicking on Learning Materials.

In this lab, you will determine how an invasive species—the zebra and quagga mussel—affects other species in the freshwater lake. Use the animation to help you come up with an answer to the following:

· Why do you see increases and decreases in the invasive species population?

· What are the implications associated with these alterations to the ecosystem as a whole?

The Effects of Zebra and Quagga Mussels Introduced into a Freshwater Lake

As you have learned, population dynamics are caused by the biotic potential of the population and the effects of environmental resistance. When there is minimal environmental resistance impacting a population, it will exhibit a population explosion. One reason for minimal resistance could be factors that no longer regulate a population (e.g., predator decline or resource increases). Another reason for a population explosion is the introduction of an invasive species. Invasive species are species foreign to an ecosystem and are not immediately regulated by the environmental restraints of the particular ecosystem that they invade. This in turn allows their populations to grow seemingly uncontrolled and to displace other indigenous populations. Examples of such an invasive species into North America are dreissenid mussels, commonly known as zebra and quagga mussels. Their introduction into the Great Lakes has caused economic hardship and a reorganization of the ecosystem. This has led, in part, to pollution-causing effects that can be linked to an alga known as Cladophora.

Ecosystems are webs of intricately balanced interactions, what happens when a new species is introduced that uses a disproportionate share of the ecosystem’s resources?

Using the M.U.S.E. link, review the background information and animation to complete your report.

Use the  Lab 5 worksheet  for assignment instructions and data collection.

https://class.aiu-online.com/_layouts/MUSEViewer/Asset.aspx?MID=9646852&aid=9646853

Globle East Asia

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GEA S 2018 Steger chap 2 show.ppt

Globalization in history: is globalization a new phenomenon?

Manfred B. Steger, Globalization, chap. 2

 

 

 

 

Chap. 2 “Globalization in history: is globalization a new phenomenon?”

Our focus: Understanding globalization through the foods we eat

 

 

 

 

World cuisine/Culinary culture

Tues. 2/6 Sidney W. Mintz, “Asia’s Contributions to World Cuisine,” japanfocus.org (2009)

 

Thurs. 2/8 Matthew Allen & Rumi Sakamoto, “Sushi reverses course: consuming American sushi in Tokyo.” japanfocus.org (2011)

 

 

 

 

Chap. 2 Recitation on Wed. Feb. 14

Response paper due Tues. Feb. 13 at 10:00 pm

 

 

 

 

Chap. 1 Recitation: “Globalization: a contested concept”

Steger’s theory of globalization: Global-local nexus

Beijing Olympics 2008 in East Asian context

North Korean Mass Games and Third Worldism in Guyana 1980-92

 

 

 

 

Global-local nexus

 

 

 

 

Global

International

“West”

 

 

Local

National

“Rest”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tools for analysis

Globalization is defined by the links between dichotomies

Binaries (global/local) are not exclusive but work together

Global-Local Nexus is a Horizontal relationship, not Vertical

Globalization is multi-dimensional

“Parable of the elephant”

Globality (social condition) is uneven

Global imaginary (consciousness of ourselves and others) is product of our existence & participation on the global stage

 

 

 

 

 

Electronic devices OFF

 

 

 

 

Chap 2 Globalization in history

 

Is globalization a new phenomenon?

 

 

 

 

“Where do we begin?”

Post-1989? Some scholars limit globalization to post-1989 to focus on the recent quantum leap in the pace of change.

19th century? Other scholars look to the Industrial Revolution and other developments in the 19th c.

16th century? Others look to 16th c. and the emergence of modernity, when trade routes first connected Eurasia, Africa, and America.

Prehistory? Finally, a few say these processes have been unfolding for thousands of years.

 

“Parable of the elephant”: each perspective contains important insights.

 

 

 

 

 

Globalization unfolds over time

 

There are deep, historical roots for the current increase in economic & social interdependence and rise in the global imaginary.

 

New technologies stand upon earlier innovations from earlier centuries.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Globalization unfolds over time

 

The dynamic (or direction) of globalization processes changes over time

 

 

 

 

 

Clickers ON

 

 

 

 

 

Question

What term does Steger use to describe the “dynamic” (or direction) of globalization in the pre-historic period?

 

Divergence

Convergence

Homogenous

Civilized

 

 

 

 

Steger

“Perhaps the best way to characterize the dynamic of this earliest phase of globalization would be to call it ‘the great divergence’—people and social connections stemming from a single origin but moving and diversifying greatly over time and space.” (p. 24)

 

 

 

 

Question

What term does Steger use to describe the “dynamic” (or direction) of globalization in the contemporary period?

 

Divergence

Convergence

Homogenous

Civilized

 

 

 

 

Steger

“The best way of characterizing this latest globalization wave would be to call it ‘the great convergence’—different and widely spaced people and social connections coming together more rapidly than ever before.”

(p. 36)

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic:

Prehistoric period: divergence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Out of Africa 6-8 million years ago

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic

Contemporary period: convergence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“Is globalization a new phenomenon?”

 

Steger’s answer:

 

“[In the following chapters], we will limit the application of the term ‘globalization’ to the contemporary period while keeping in mind that the dynamic driving these processes actually started thousands of years ago.”

 

 

 

 

 

Steger’s thesis

Humanity’s progress toward globality is marked by crossing through important technological thresholds

Personal computers, internet, cell phones, digital cameras, high-definition TV, satellites, jets, space travel, supertankers

What is a threshold?

 

 

 

 

Threshold (from carpenter’s handbook)

 

 

 

 

Tamara D. Kontrimas watercolor “Sacred Threshold”

 

 

 

 

Technological thresholds

Steger identifies 5 separate periods when humanity crossed certain distinct technological thresholds.

Each period is distinguished by accelerations in social exchanges and expansion in geographic scope.

 

 

 

 

 

Chronology of globalization

Steger claims that his chronology is not linear:

“Full of unanticipated surprises, violent twists, sudden punctuations, and dramatic reversals….” (p. 21)

 

 

 

 

 

Chronology of globalization

Steger identifies five periods in the history of globalization:

1. Prehistoric (10,000-3500 BCE)

2. Premodern: Age of Empires (3500 BCE-1500 CE)

3. Early modern (1500-1750)

4. Modern (1750-1980s)

5. Contemporary (from 1980s)

 

 

 

 

3. Early Modern (1500-1750)

European powers were able to expand outward by sea for several inter-related reasons:

New technologies:

advanced navigation techniques

Political changes:

Reduced power of Roman Catholic Church due to Protestant Reformation

 

 

 

 

3. Early Modern (1500-1750)

 

New technologies & political changes led to the rise of the merchant class

Origin of modern capitalist economies

 

 

 

 

4. Modern (1750-1980)

The Industrial Revolution was a product of new technologies

 

Carbon-based energy sources fueled manufacturing and trade.

coal, petroleum (oil)

electricity

Positive and negative aspects

 

 

 

 

 

4. Critique of European led Modernity

Europe saw itself as leading the world to civilization and enlightenment, but it often exploited other countries and treated them unfairly.

Global interconnections existed primarily to enrich Western capitalist enterprises.

[In East Asia, strategic Chinese ports were divided among European powers]

[Japan took over from European powers and expanded into Korea, Northeast China (Manchukuo), Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific.]

 

 

 

 

 

4. Modern population growth

 

Waves of immigration transformed societies and social dynamics.

Modern period also witnessed a huge population explosion.

From 760 million in 1750, to 3.7 billion in 1970 (now over 7.4 billion).

 

 

 

 

4. Modern growth in trade

By World War I (1914), trade equaled 12% of GNP for industrialized countries.

This level not reached again until 1970.

 

 

 

 

Clickers ON

 

 

 

 

 

Question

Why did global trade shrink as percentage of GNP between 1914-1970?

Fewer technological innovations in this period.

Emergence of economic nationalism in this period.

Reduced level of consumerism in this period.

 

 

 

 

Economic nationalism

Economic nationalism led to two devastating World Wars.

A new world order emerged from the ashes of World War II, dominated by USSR and USA, and characterized by division into their separate spheres of influence in the Cold War.

 

 

 

 

5. Contemporary (from 1980s)

 

Collapse of USSR in 1991 accelerated emergence of a single global market and the processes driving globalization.

The contemporary period is the focus of Steger’s chapters 3-7

 

 

 

 

 

1. Prehistoric (10,000-3500 BCE)

Around 12,000 years ago, the human species achieved true global dispersal over the whole earth when hunter/gatherers finally reached the southern tip of South America. [map on p. 23]

 

 

 

 

 

10,000 BCE complete coverage

 

 

 

 

For most of human history up to 12,000 years ago:

Interaction among bands of hunters/gatherers was limited and unsystematic.

 

 

 

 

1. Prehistoric (10,000-3500 BCE)

Around 12,000 years ago, some hunter/gatherers began to cultivate crops and domesticate animals.

 

Farming and herding represent new technologies

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specialization in farmer/herder communities

Craftsmen: iron tools, jewelry, canals, pottery, baskets, buildings.

Bureaucrats: kept accounts of supplies, extended control of rulers.

Soldiers: explored and acquired new land, extended control of rulers.

 

 

 

 

 

Clickers ON

 

 

 

 

 

Question

What allowed specialized occupations to develop in farmer/herder communities?

Fire and iron tools

Writing and the wheel

Food surpluses

 

 

 

 

 

Agriculture & animal husbandry

Due to food surpluses, farmer/herder communities could support specialized groups of people not directly involved in farming.

 

 

 

 

 

2. Premodern 3500BCE-1500CE

 

By 3500 BCE, Steger claims that two new technologies allowed farmer/herder communities to reach a new level in the process of globalization and enter the Premodern Era.

 

 

 

 

 

Question

Identify the two new technologies that allowed farmer/herder communities to reach the next level in the process of globalization and enter the Premodern Era:

Fire and iron tools

Writing and the wheel

Dams and irrigation canals

 

 

 

 

2. Premodern 3500BCE-1500CE

 

Two new technologies allowed farmer/herder communities to reach a new level in the process of globalization and enter the Premodern Era:

 

Writing in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and central China (between 3500-2000 BCE ).

The Wheel in South-West Asia (3000 BCE).

 

 

 

 

 

Invention of writing

Writing spread rapidly throughout the Eurasian continent within a few centuries and spurred globalization processes

Spread ideas & allowed long-distance communication

Made it possible to coordinate complex social activities

Allowed administration of larger states

 

 

 

 

Invention of the wheel

Use of wheeled carts or vehicles spread rapidly throughout Eurasian continent within a few centuries and spurred globalization processes

Animal-drawn carts helped speed transport

Permanent roads and infrastructure connected distant places

Faster transportation of people & goods increased regional commerce and interaction

 

 

 

 

Invention of the wheel

Steger: Wheel invented “around 3000 BCE in Southwest Asia”

Wikipedia: “Wheel invented in the mid-4th millennium BCE, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia (Sumeria), Indus Valley, the Northern Caucasus, and Central Europe”

 

The question of the origins of wheeled vehicles remains unresolved

 

 

 

 

 

Ancient scripts 3500-2000 BCE

Mesopotamia

 

Egypt

 

China

 

 

 

 

Ancient scripts

Mesopotamia

Cuneiform script

Egypt

Heiroglyphic script

China

漢字　Hanzi script (Chinese characters)

 

 

 

 

Cuneiform script (extinct)

 

 

 

 

Hieroglyphic script (survives in altered form as alphabet)

 

 

 

 

Hanzi (the only surviving ancient script)

 

 

 

 

2. Premodern 3500BCE-1500CE

 

Due in large part to writing and the wheel, the premodern period was the Age of Empires.

Egyptian; Persian; Macedonian; Aztecs and Incas (America), Roman; Indian; Byzantine; Islamic Caliphates; Holy Roman Empire; Ghana, Mali, Songhay (Africa); Ottoman

 

 

 

 

2. Premodern 3500BCE-1500CE

All of these empires were characterized by long-distance communication and exchange of:

Culture

[Culinary culture: foods, cooking methods]

Technology

Goods

Disease

 

 

 

 

 

Clickers ON

 

 

 

 

 

Question

Of all the world’s great pre-modern empires, which empire does Steger identify as the most enduring and technologically advanced?

Egyptian

Roman

Ottoman

Byzantine

Chinese

 

 

 

 

 

China’s advanced technologies

Redesigned plowshares

Hydraulic engineering

Gunpowder

Tapping of natural gas

The compass

Mechanical clocks

Paper

Printing

Silk and metalworking

 

 

 

 

Question

In the mid-14th century the bubonic plague, or Black Death, killed about what percentage of the population of China, the Middle East, and Europe?

10-15%

30-35%

50-55%

90-95%

 

 

 

 

2. Premodern trade networks

 

The negative side of trade networks was the spread of infectious disease.

The bubonic plague killed 1/3 of the population of China, Middle East, and Europe in mid-14th c.

 

 

 

 

 

2. Premodern trade networks

The positive side of trade networks was that they led to population growth, urban growth, and cultural and religious encounters.

These encounters turned local religions into major world religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism.

 

 

 

 

2. Premodern trade networks

 

Premodern trade networks did not extend across the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans.

 

 

 

 

Steger p. 28

 

 

 

 

GEA S 2018 Mintz, World Cuisine show.ppt

“Asia’s Contributions to World Cuisine”

Sidney W. Mintz (2009)

 

 

 

 

 

1

Global cuisine/Culinary culture

Today: Sidney W. Mintz, “Asia’s Contributions to World Cuisine,” japanfocus.org (2009)

 

Thurs. Feb. 8: Matthew Allen & Rumi Sakamoto, “Sushi reverses course: consuming American sushi in Tokyo.” japanfocus.org (2011)

 

 

 

 

Wed. Feb. 14 Recitation

Upload response paper to Sakai Assignments

Deadline: Tues. Feb. 13, 10:oo PM

 

 

 

 

Review:

Steger Chap. 2 “Globalization in history: is globalization a new phenomenon?”

 

Stages of globalization defined by humanity crossing through technological “thresholds”

 

 

 

 

Stages of globalization

What technological breakthrough does Steger identify that allowed humanity to cross into each new stage of globalization?

1. Prehistoric (10,000-3500 BCE)

2. Premodern: Age of Empires (3500 BCE-1500 CE)

3. Early modern (1500-1750)

4. Modern (1750-1980s)

5. Contemporary (from 1980s)

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic (Steger)

Prehistoric: divergence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic

Prehistoric: multidimensional divergence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Steger: Pre-Modern Era (Age of Empires) 3500 BCE-1500 CE

 

The Chinese Empire was the most enduring and technologically advanced of the world’s empires

 

The most extensive trade route in the world was the “Silk Road,” which Steger calls a land route.

 

 

 

 

What is the Silk Road?

A combined overland & overseas trade route that crossed the Eurasian landmass and linked its ports

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Shosoin 正倉院　Imperial storage house 701-760, Nara, Japan

 

 

 

 

Close-up of log structure

 

 

 

 

Shosoin History: “time capsule”

Holds items donated by Empress Komyo between 756-760 in memory of her late husband, Emperor Shomu.

Located on the grounds of Todai-ji Temple in Nara, where the Daibutsu (Great Buddha) is located.

Some items originated in India, Greece, Rome, Egypt, Persia, Korea, and Tang Dynasty China; others were manufactured domestically.

 

 

 

 

 

Shosoin crystal bowl (Roman) 8th c.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Atlantic Ocean

 

 

 

 

Pacific Ocean

 

 

 

 

Steger: Early modern period (1500-1750)

 

“During these two centuries, Europe and its social practices emerged as the primary catalyst for globalization after a long period of Asian predominance.” (p. 28)

 

 

 

 

3. Early Modern (1500-1750)

European powers could not spread overland into Africa or Asia due to Muslim powers that blocked their way.

Instead, they turned westward by sea to find a new trade route to India.

Objective: Trade in spices

 

During these 250 years, Europe was the leader in globalization.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Why wasn’t China the leader of globalization?

Steger, p. 26: “By the 15th century CE [1405-1433], enormous Chinese fleets consisting of hundreds of 400-foot-long ocean-going ships were crossing the Indian Ocean and establishing short-lived trade outposts on the east coast of Africa.

“However, a few decades later, the rulers of the Chinese Empire’s series of fateful political decisions to turn inward halted overseas navigation and mandated a retreat from further technological development.

 

 

 

 

Map of Zheng He’s Seven Voyages

 

 

 

 

Zheng He’s fleets visited Arabia, East Africa, India, Indonesia and Thailand. The extend of Zheng He’s voyages are hard to determine but it is reasonable to assume that with China’s invention of the compass, it allowed him to reach parts of Africa, Australia and many areas around the Pacific.

Image of Giraffe Being Lead Into the Ming Zoo

 

 

 

 

Cont.

“Thus, the rulers cut short their empire’s incipient industrial revolution, a development that allowed much smaller European states to emerge as the primary historical agents behind the intensification of globalization.”

 

 

 

 

Alternate explanation

Starting in the early 15th century, Ming dynasty China experienced increasing pressure from Mongolian tribes to the north.

In recognition of this threat, in 1421 the Ming Emperor Yongle moved the capital north from Nanjing to present-day Beijing.

From the new capital he sent military expeditions to defend the northern borders.

The expenditures necessary for these land campaigns directly competed with the funds necessary to continue naval expeditions.

 

 

 

 

Treasure Ship (bao-chuan)

 

 

 

 

The Ming treasure ship are the type of ships that Zheng He voyaged in. His fleet included probably an overall of 62 treasure ships. The measurements noted above for the Ming Treasure ship liken its size to a football field. The treasure ships supposedly can carry as much as 1,500 tons.

West: Zheng He’s 1405-1434

 

 

 

 

Zheng He’s fleets visited Arabia, East Africa, India, Indonesia and Thailand. The extend of Zheng He’s voyages are hard to determine but it is reasonable to assume that with China’s invention of the compass, it allowed him to reach parts of Africa, Australia and many areas around the Pacific.

East: Vasco Da Gama’s route 1497-99

 

 

 

 

 

Electronic devices OFF

 

 

 

 

Sidney W. Mintz

“Asia’s Contributions to World Cuisine,” japanfocus.org (2009)

 

 

 

 

Mintz’s thesis (echoes Steger’s)

 

World cuisine, or global cuisine, is a dynamic process (not a stable system)

 

The process is continuous, ongoing, and surprisingly ancient

 

 

 

 

World food history (1)

 

Gradual and uneven spread of:

plants and animals

foods and food ingredients

cooking methods and traditions

 

 

 

 

World food history (2)

 

Interpenetration of local food systems now takes place with great speed on a world-wide scale, but it has its roots in the past

 

 

 

 

World food history (3)

 

“The current vogue for global analysis ought not to blind us to the ancient history of this phenomenon.”

 

 

 

 

Wheat-based culinary culture

Stretches from northern China to southern Europe

Developed several millennia ago

 

 

 

 

Steger, premodern period 3500 BCE-1500 CE (p. 24)

“Thanks to the auspicious east-west orientation of Eurasia’s major continental axis—a geographical feature that had already facilitated the rapid spread of crops and animals suitable for food production along the same latitudes—the diffusion of these new technologies to distant parts of the continent occurred in only a few centuries.”

 

 

 

 

Eurasian landmass from space

 

 

 

 

(Anderson: The Food of China)

 

Asia and Europe are not separate entities, but a patchwork of neighboring peoples

Through migration or invasion

they took and gave

what they grew & what they cooked

over long centuries

 

 

 

 

 

Innovation in food culture

“Whether we have in mind an ingredient, a plant, an animal, a cooking method, or some other concrete culinary borrowing, when such things spread and they come into the hands of receiving farmers, processors, or cooks, they have been detached from some particular cultural system; and when they are taken up, they become integrated into another, usually different one.”

 

 

 

 

Is global cuisine becoming the same?

No: There is a continuous, creative culinary process that always makes cooking new and different and defies standardization

 

 

 

 

Is global cuisine becoming the same?

 

Possibly: Standardization of food habits may come from large-scale economic changes that move masses of people around, shift the rural-urban balance, or create big migrant labor forces

 

 

 

 

The Columbian Exchange

 

Completely remade the world diet

Sweet potato crossed the Pacific westward from the new world in the 16th c., probably entering China via the Philippines

Corn & peanuts soon followed

 

 

 

 

The Columbian Exchange (1492)

 

 

 

 

European market for spices

Mintz: Trade in Eastern spices to Europe was cut by rise of Ottoman Empire in 1453

Cardamom, cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon, turmeric, black pepper, ginger

(Columbus’s voyages were inspired by a desire to find a sea route to obtain these Eastern spices)

 

 

 

 

 

Columbian Exchange: Steger

 

World diet was transformed during Steger’s Early Modern Period (1500-1750), when trans-oceanic travel began

Led to population explosion in Modern Period (1750-1980)

From 760 million in 1750, to 3.7 billion in 1970 (now over 7.4 billion).

 

 

 

 

 

Steger: Premodern trade networks

 

The negative side of trade networks was the spread of infectious disease.

The bubonic plague killed 1/3 of the population of China, Middle East, and Europe in mid-14th c.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Steger: Modern immigration

 

Waves of immigration transformed societies and social dynamics.

Mintz: bringing their foods, flavors, cooking methods

 

 

 

 

Small group discussion

In the history of globalization, do you think that the crossing of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans around 1500 is most consistent with:

the early dynamic of divergence,

the contemporary dynamic of convergence

a turning point in the dynamic from divergence to convergence?

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic (Steger)

Prehistoric: divergence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic

Prehistoric: multidimensional divergence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic (Steger)

Contemporary: convergence (global-local nexus)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic

Contemporary: multidimensional convergence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mintz: Complexity of culinary exchange (1)

 

Interchanges of culinary culture in the premodern era (corn, potatoes) were being superimposed upon those of the remote past (wheat, spices)

 

 

 

 

Mintz: Present superimposed on past

 

Dynamic of Convergence (Steger)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic (Steger & Mintz)

Multidimensional/Present superimposed on past

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mintz: Complexity of culinary exchange (2)

 

Speed of diffusion of culinary culture may be fast or it may be slow

 

 

 

 

 

Mintz: Asia’s gifts to the West

Tea

Rice

Soy

 

 

 

 

Rice: one of Asia’s greatest gifts

Introduced to Europe after 711 when the Moors invaded Spain

Rice has displaced other grains in many societies as main source of starch (carbohydrate)

 

 

 

 

Tea

Introduced at English court in the 17th c. by Queen Catherine of the Portuguese noble house of Braganza, in the reign of King Charles II

One of the first true commodities, along with sugar

 

 

 

 

Soy

Soybeans have made an enormous contribution to Western diet, in form of cooking oil and protein-rich animal food, very different from their use in Asia

chickens, pigs, cows are fed soybeans

their meat is then fried in soybean oil

humans benefit from soy indirectly

 

 

 

 

World soy production 2008

 

 

 

 

Drawbacks of Western use of soy

Enables people to eat less healthily at the top of the food chain, rather than more healthily near the bottom

Brazil and Argentina are major exporters of soy to China, where it is used as animal feed (following Western model of soy use)

Negative results:

Increase in animal protein consumption in Asia

Destruction of rainforests in the Amazon

 

 

 

 

GEA S 2018 Allen _ Sakamoto Sushi Reverses Course show.ppt

Sushi Reverses Course: Consuming American Sushi in Tokyo

Matthew Allen & Rumi Sakamoto (2011)

 

 

 

 

Global cuisine/Culinary culture

Tues. 2/6: Sidney W. Mintz, “Asia’s Contributions to World Cuisine,” japanfocus.org (2009)

 

Today: Matthew Allen & Rumi Sakamoto, “Sushi reverses course: consuming American sushi in Tokyo.” japanfocus.org (2011)

 

 

 

 

Wed. Feb. 14 Recitation

Upload Chap. 2 response paper to Sakai Assignments

Deadline: Tues. Feb. 13, 10:oo PM

 

 

 

 

Clicker quizzes 1 pt.

Scoring is based on:

 

(1) participation

(2) correct answers

 

 

 

 

Globalization in history

Steger Chap. 2 “Globalization in history: is globalization a new phenomenon?”

Sidney W. Mintz, “Asia’s Contributions to World Cuisine,” japanfocus.org (2009)

Matthew Allen & Rumi Sakamoto, “Sushi reverses course: consuming American sushi in Tokyo.” japanfocus.org (2011)

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic (Steger)

Prehistoric: divergence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic

Prehistoric: multidimensional divergence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic (Steger)

Contemporary: convergence (global-local nexus)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic

Contemporary: multidimensional convergence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic (Steger & Mintz)

Multidimensional/Present superimposed on past

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Allen & Sakamoto

How do they theorize the contemporary globalization dynamic?

 

 

 

 

Electronic devices OFF

 

 

 

 

Sushi’s global reach

Estimated 20,000 sushi restaurants outside Japan

45,000 in Japan

 

 

 

 

 

Sushi mystique: murasaki (soy sauce)–agari (green tea)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Conveyor belt sushi 回転寿司

 

 

 

 

“How to make sushi rolls”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XKUSI8ElgRc (3:30)

 

 

 

 

“How to make sushi rolls”

Sushi is a “Japanese” dinner or appetizer (finger food)

“Classic” sushi rolls: California roll (with avocado); Philly role (with cream cheese)

Or, invent your own combination

Sushi is as “creative” as it is delicious

 

 

 

 

Sushi as “glocal” product

http://www.foodiggity.com/tag/sushi/page/2/ Foodiggity website

 

Bullet Train (conveyer-belt) sushi

Sushi Tacos

Star Wars soy sauce dishes

Kit-Kat sushi (=kitto-katsu “surely win”)

 

 

 

 

Culinary globalization

“Sushi reverses course: consuming American sushi in Tokyo”

“Reverse import” (gyaku yunyū) 逆輸入

 

 

 

 

American sushi in Tokyo

Rainbow Roll Sushi (Azabujūban)

Industrial chic décor, high prices, emphasis on fun

Genji Sushi New York (Roppongi Hills)

Signs in English, modest prices, emphasis on health (using organic brown rice and etc.)

 

 

 

 

“Otherness” (Difference)

American sushi is exotic in Japan, and this inspires Japanese young people to consume it.

 

 

 

 

“Fetish”

The marketability and desirability of American sushi in Japan is primarily from its symbolic (fetishized) value.

 

 

 

 

 

Example: French pastry in Japan

Symbol of sophisticated taste

Eating French pastry shows the consumer’s appreciation of high culinary standards

 

 

 

 

How to make Mille feuille (Napoleon)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnyEzaPbdAQ (4:07)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mille feuille (Napoleon) Japan

 

 

 

 

Hybrid sushi “Napoleon”

 

 

 

 

Two kinds of culinary symbolic value (in Japan)

Fetishized “other” (French pastry)

 

Fetishized “self/other” (American sushi, hybrid sushi Napoleon))

 

 

 

 

2 types of culinary hybridization

McDonalds-type

Non-McDonalds-type

 

 

 

 

“McDonaldization” (Ritzer 1993)

McDonaldization meets consumer’s needs or desires in forms that are:

Efficient

Standardized

Tightly controlled

 

 

 

 

 

Big Mac

https://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&q=Big+Mac&backchip=g_6:australia&chips=q:big+mac&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKor270JbZAhUMtlkKHc9vA18Q3VYIJigA&biw=1280&bih=615&dpr=2

 

 

 

 

1. McDonalds-type

McDonalds-type culinary hybridization leads to such products as the teriyaki chicken burger

 

 

 

 

 

Teriyaki chicken burger

https://www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&q=teriyaki+chicken+burger&backchip=g_6:japanese&chips=q:teriyaki+chicken+burger&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSxKbJ0ZbZAhVQwlkKHZOXATMQ3VYIJigA&biw=1280&bih=615&dpr=2

 

 

 

 

2. Non-McDonalds-type

Production and consumption of American sushi in Tokyo represents a different type of culinary hybridization:

Creative (not efficient)

Unpredictable (not standardized)

Playful (not tightly controlled)

 

 

 

 

 

2 kinds of culinary hybridization

Standardized, predictable (“McDonaldization”)

 

Creative, unpredictable (“Sushification,” from the verb: sushify something)

 

 

 

 

 

Origin/destination binary collapses

When Philly sushi roll with cream cheese and California roll with avocado is served as “Japanese” in the US, and “American” in Japan, where is the origin, and where is the destination?

Localities cannot be defined as simply the “origin” and/or “destination” of a cultural artifact or practice.

Rather, localities contribute to the production of something that supersedes both (or multiple) localities, with the product even returning to the point of origin in refreshing new forms.

 

 

 

 

Globalization processes

Cultural globalization is not a uni-lineal (in one direction) process of hybridization, often through localization, but involves back-and-forth movement in cultural flows.

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic (Steger)

Contemporary: convergence (global-local nexus)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic

Contemporary: multidimensional convergence

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic (Steger & Mintz)

Multidimensional/Present superimposed on past

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Globalization dynamic (Allen & Sakamoto “back-and-forth movement”)

Divergence/convergence, multidimensional/superimposed

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Jerome Charles White, Jr. (b. 1981)

Stage name: Jero (ジェロ)

African-American, Japanese grandmother

First black enka singer in Japan

Enka is often viewed by the music industry as commercially obsolete, but Jero revitalized the genre by blending it with hip hop

Many enka singers wear kimono in their performances; Jero’s hip hop image (later, 1930s Harlem Rennaissance style) is one of the many factors that contributes to his popularity

 

 

 

 

 

Jero “Umiyuki” (Ocean of Snow) 2008

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9c9oSlmOOs (4.26)

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OUt18XwGyWg (2:47)

 

 

 

 

Origin/destination binary

Allen & Sakamoto: Localities and even people cannot be defined as simply the “origin” and/or “destination” of a cultural artifact or practice.

Rather, localities and people contribute to the production of something that supersedes both (or multiple) localities, with the product or person even returning to the point of origin in refreshing new forms.

But in case of Jero, he seems to be locally isolated in his new origin/destination, not globally connected.

 

 

 

 

Jero’s websites (Japanese market)

http://www.jero.jp/pc/ (official website in Japanese)

http://www.jvcmusic.co.jp/-/Artist/A021548.html Victor Entertainment (not available in US)

Review the information in the power point concerning the social construction of gender.

/in /by

 

A commitment to ending the subordination/domination/oppression of women

Definition of Feminism

 

Do men and women think differently?

 

Yes answer usually been used to subjugate women to men

 

Aristotle: Women not as rational as men, so naturally ruled by men

 

Kant: Women lack civil personality and should have no voice in public life

 

Rousseau: They possess different virtues, neither better than the others. But it turns out that men’s virtues fit them for leadership and women’s for home and hearth

Are there psychological (not physical) differences between men and women?

 

 

They disagree; no unified answer to question of possible psychological differences between women

 

Women’s movement of 60’s and 70’s rejected psychological differences

 

Supposed differences, e.g., men rational, women emotional–a mere stereotype

 

If see such differences, due to conditioning/up bringing

 

Women have been conditioned by an oppressive system to behave in “feminine” ways

Feminism’s answer to question of whether men and women think differently

 

 

Female style of thinking has insights missed in more male-dominated thinking

 

By attending to distinctive female approach, new insights can be gained and progress made in areas that were stalled

 

Ethics is good example (feminist ethics) http://hettingern.people.cofc.edu/Intro_Philosophy_SP_2011/Feminist_Ethics_Table.htm

 

Recent feminist thinkers suggested women/men do think differently

 

According to the scale, those who put a focus on relationships, loyalty and trust with people (typical of women) are on a lower level than the typical male approach of appealing to universal ethical principles

Famous Harvard education psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg has a scale of moral development that suggests women are less morally developed than men

 

Heinz drug stealing story: Shows how girls and boys think differently and girls end up lower on this scale (147-148)

 

Jake thinks like typical male, seeing the situation as a conflict of life/property solved by logic

 

An ethic of principle

 

Male way of thinking abstracts away from details that give each situation its special flavor

 

Men’s moral theories: impersonal duty, contracts, harmonization of competing interests, and calculation of costs and benefits

 

 

Amy responds in a typically female fashion and focuses on the personal aspects of situation

Ethic of caring

Intimacy, caring, and personal relationships

Women don’t like to abstract away from detail of situation

 

Basic moral orientation is caring for others in a personal way, not general concern for all humanity

 

Sensitivity to the needs of others

 

Include the points of view of the other in one’s deliberation

 

Amy couldn’t just reject the druggist’s point of view

 

Overriding concern with relationship and responsibility

 

 

Caring, empathy, feeling with others, being sensitive to each other’s feelings, may all be better guides to what morality requires in actual contexts than applying abstract rules of reason, rational calculation

 

At least they are necessary components of an adequate morality

Feminist ethics (e.g., Carol Gilligan’s In a Different Voice) argues for a feminist point of view in ethics and rejects idea that an ethic of care is a lower level of moral development

 

Rachels’ view: The two sexes don’t inhabit different moral universes

 

Even if do think differently about ethics, difference can’t be very great, rather difference in emphasis

 

Also some men prefer caring perspective and some women prefer an ethic of principle

 

Still it could be that in general, women tend to the former and men the latter.

 

 

Nurture: Women think differently because of social role to which they have been assigned

Been assigned to do the housework and take care of the kids

Values of care could be part of this psychological conditioning

Nature: Since women are child-bearers, women’s nature as mothers makes them natural care-givers

They come equipped by nature with required (care giving) skills

How account for this general difference between men and women (if there is such)?