HSTR 324B Powerpoint Notes 6 July

Introduction

British Columbia, 1849-1900

HSTR 324B

Instructor: Jenny Clayton

July 2017

Canada, a recent development

Image: Canada 150 years, Anishinaabe 13000 years

Wahsay Pyawasit, Batchewana First Nation, Ontario

1849-1900: Becoming British Columbia

Transformations:

· Control over territory

· Population composition

· Political and legal systems

· Land ownership

· Land use

· Transportation and communication

· Resource extraction

Consequences…

Colonizing Vancouver Island

· Establishing Fort Victoria

· Creating a border

· Colony

· Treaties

· Settlement schemes

Image: Paul Kane, Return of a War Party, 1847

Gold rushes

· Influx of miners

· Conflicts over land and resources

· Establishment of mainland colony

· Smallpox, 1862

· Guest lecture on Tsilhqot’in War by Dr. John Lutz

· (11 July)

Image: William Hind, Prospecting for Alluvial Gold in BC, 1864

Missions

· Missionary project

· Indigenous perspectives on Christianity

Image: Metlakatla

Resettlement

· Pre-emption

· Gender and state formation

· Resistance to resettlement

Image: Ruckle family of Saltspring Island

Political developments

· Union of Vancouver Island and the Mainland

· Joining Confederation, 1871

· Party politics

· Restriction of rights for First Nations and Chinese residents

· Reserve policy

Industrialization

· Transcontinental railway

· Coal, Lumber, Salmon

Image: Train at the summit of Roger’s Pass

Chinese settlement

· Living in Victoria – segregation and integration

· Overseas Chinese and political events in China

Image: Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association building, Victoria, BC (BC Archives, D-05246)

What are the requirements?

· Textbook readings in Barman, West Beyond the West

· Participation (20%)

· Journal articles + primary sources

· 4 seminar discussions (groups A and B)

· In-class discussions

· Research Project

· Primary source analysis, 13 July (10%)

· Research essay, 21 July (35%)

· Final exam in class 27 July (35%)

Lecture: Pacific Northwest to 1840

· Indigenous people have lived here for at least 15,000 years

· Up to 50 different languages spoken here in the mid-18th century

· About 30 languages survived to the present

· Pre-contact pop est: 200,000 to 300,000 people

Extensive Trading Networks

Images: Obsidian; Eulachon drying on racks in Fishery Bay, Tsimshian territory.

Potlatch

· Gift-giving feast to recognize important social events

· Banned from 1884-1951

Image: Goods to be given away at a potlatch at Alert Bay, 1900.

BC Archives, H-03976.

Resource ownership and management

· Fishing sites

· Plant cultivation

· Clam gardens

Images: Berry pickers in Hazelton; Fishing weir on the Cowichan River.

Precursors to Contact

· Horses

· Smallpox (1775-82)

European Interest

· 1740-1774: Russian and Spanish expeditions

· 1778: Captain Cook at Nootka Sound

· 1790-94: Spanish and British mapping

· 1793-1811: North West Company partners mapping rivers

Maritime Fur Trade, 1785-1825

Images: Yuquot, Sea Otter, North West Coast Trade, 1790-1840 (from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10015768 )

Overland Fur Trade

· NWC forts west of the Rocky Mountains, 1806-1843

· Fur traders and Indigenous women

· Power relations in the fur trade

Lecture July 6

Colonizing Vancouver Island, 1843-1858

Settler Colonialism

“a distinct type of colonialism that functions through the replacement of indigenous populations with an invasive settler society that, over time, develops a distinctive identity and sovereignty.”

https://globalsocialtheory.org/concepts/settler-colonialism/

In other words…

“In the simplest terms, settler colonists went, and go, to new lands to appropriate them and to establish new and improved replicas of the societies they left. As a result Indigenous peoples have found an ever-decreasing place for themselves in settler colonies as changing demographics enabled ever more extensive dispossession. Settlers, in the end, tended not to emigrate to assimilate into Indigenous societies, but rather emigrated to replace them.”

… Indigenous people came to be treated as legally and socially anomalous in their own lands. As such… self-consciously benign sounding policies of assimilation, merging, absorption or protection heralded a range of legally sanctioned practices whose goal of abolishing Indigenous peoples’ languages, histories and identities are increasingly identified as genocidal.”

Mar and Edmonds in Making Settler Colonial Space, 2-3.

· 1821 – merger of HBC and NWCo

· 1825 – settlement of Russian territory to include panhandle south to 54º40’

· 1824 – Fort Vancouver

· 1828 – Fort Langley

· 1830s – American settlement in Oregon territory

· 1838 – American claim north to 54º40’

· 1843 – transfer southern base to Vancouver Island

Map of First Nations in Victoria area:

http://acitygoestowar.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Map-3-A-Straits-Territories-1JPEG.jpg

Encountering a “perfect Eden”

· Lekwungen territory appeared park-like to Douglas

· Thought the site looked more like a “perfect close sward of a well managed lea, than the produce of an uncultivated waste”

Images: James Douglas, Camas plant at Uplands Park

Lekwungen Labour

· Economic system of reef-net fishing

· 40 pickets 22 feet for 1 blanket

Other work by Lekwungen:

· Agricultural

· Mail delivery

· Food provision

Images: Sketch of Fort Victoria, 1854 (BC Archives, A-04104) Reef net fishing: http://staff.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/2016/12/21/the-archaeology-and-history-of-macaulay-point/

Payment in blankets

· Wealth items

· Wool of dogs and mountain goats

· Wool cleaned, carded, spun, woven

Images: Paul Kane, (Clallam) Woman Weaving a Blanket (1848-56); blanket with woolly dog hair from Burke Museum

Reorientation around the fort

· 1843 – Lekwungen moved from village sites in Esquimalt and Cadboro Bay to be near the fort

· 1844 – fire behind Lekwungen village, Finlayson forced them to move across harbour

· Controlled the trade at the fort with other First Nations, became known as Songhees

Paul Kane, “Return of a War Party,” 1847: Songhees village and Fort Victoria

Dividing up the land among Colonial powers

· 1843-45 – hundreds of settlers into Oregon Territory

· Democratic candidate James Polk campaigning on slogan of 54-40

· 1845-48 – US at war with Mexico, annexation of Texas, New Mexico, California

· 1846 – Britain and US sign Oregon Treaty

· 1849 – est of colony of Vancouver Island

Establishing a colony

· HBC has to leave area south of 49th parallel

· Has right to trade on mainland, not Vancouver Island

· HBC asked Britain for jurisdiction over VI in exchange for promoting colonization

· Britain hesitant to est. more colonies

· How could colony be independent from HBC?

· How could colony not be a drain on Britain?

· How might HBC have to change approach?

· What might be impacts on Indigenous nations?

Colony of Vancouver Island, 1849

Colony granted to HBC for 10 years

HBC must:

· Allow Colonial Office to appoint a governor

· Create one or more settlements of British colonists by 1854

· Redirect 90% of land sales into infrastructure

1856: General Assembly (43 voters, 7 members – 5 with ties to HBC)

Images: Richard Blanshard, resided in colony as Governor from March 1850 to September 1851

Purchasing Indigenous lands and recruiting settlers

· Douglas Treaties, 1849-1854

· Wakefield system of colonization

Image: Linton, Victoria, on Vancouver Island, 1857 (BC Archives, G-03249)

HBC farming operations

Puget Sound Agricultural Co.

Est. Craigflower farm in 1853, managed by Kenneth McKenzie

-major crop was wheat – biscuits for Royal Navy (supplied needs in 1854)

Helmcken: “Indeed from the very commencement of the settlement until now [1892] the Colony has never supplied itself with ordinary necessities.”

Diary of Robert Melrose, Scottish worker on Craigflower Farm, May 1856

· S. 4 American Sloop of war “Decatur” sailed Puget Sound.

· Tu. 6 Very warm weather.

· We. 7 S.S. “Otter” sailed Bellvue [San Juan Island] with a cargo of horses.

· Fr. 9 Great discoveries of gold in different parts of the Island.

· Sa. 10 John Instant ¾ D. Brick-kiln burnt off.

· S. 11 Refreshing rain.

· Mo. 12 One sheep killed.

· Tu. 13 American S.S. “John Hancock” visited Esquimalt.

· Fr. 16 Brig “Recovery” arrived from San Francisco. Five sheep killed.

· Sa. 17 John Instant dropped work.

· S. 18 Mrs. Captain Cooper gave birth to a female child.

· Tu. 20 Duncan Lidgate, John Instant, & Robert Laing apprehended for shooting into Mr. McKenzie’s house.

· Th. 22 Three sheep killed by dogs.

· Fr. 23 Five sheep killed.

· Sa. 24 Victoria Races celebrated on Beacon Hill. Duncan Lidgate, John Instant, and Robert Laing bailed out of prison.

Results of HBC Colonization of Vancouver Island

· 180 settlers bought land on southern Vancouver Island between 1851 and 1858

· The HBC sent out 641 immigrants (mostly workers) from Britain to the island between 1848-1854

· About 400 of these immigrants stayed in the colony

· Indigenous population of VI in 1856: 25,873

· Settler population of VI in 1854: 774 (up from 30, 6 years earlier)

· Colonists had settled in Victoria, Esquimalt, Sooke, Metchosin, San Juan Island, Nanaimo, Fort Rupert

Questions for Discussion: Land purchases on VI and James Douglas’s Native Land Policy

· What was agreed to in the written treaties?

· What motivated Douglas to purchase land?

· Do you think these were legitimate treaties?

· How did local First Nations view the land purchases/ceremonies?

· How and why did Douglas’ Native land policies change over time?

· How did his approach differ from those who came after?

· Were alternative approaches possible?

Researching the First Assignment

Primary Source Analysis

· What kind of document is this, where and when was it written?

· Who was the author? Provide a brief introduction.

· Summarize the contents: what does the source tell you about the topic?

· Why do you think the author wrote this text?

· In what ways does the document present a particular point of view or bias? Does it include certain information while potentially omitting other information? For example, does the position of the author (“race,” class or gender) or the purpose for which the text was produced, affect the way the document was written?

· What did you find particularly interesting about this source? Did anything surprise you? Was anything unclear?

· What questions did this document raise for you? These questions may help guide your research paper.

Secondary Sources

· Books or articles written by historians

· Books are generally published by a university press, and scholarly articles should be peer-reviewed

· For articles, the best place to search is the database, America: History and Life (select for peer-reviewed articles)

· Should be at least 15 pages long

· Must have footnotes, or otherwise reference all evidence to specific sources

· Should be published after 1985

The data dictionary is a database management system (DBMS) component that stores the definition of data characteristics and relationships. This “data about data” is called metadata. This week, you will utilize a relational database development environment to manipulate data in the AdventureWorks database. It will be helpful to first understand something about the physical structure of this database. In order to do this, access the metadata here : https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms124438(v=sql.100).aspx

Analyze the AdventureWorks 2008 database metadata to address the following in your post:

• How many tables are in the AdventureWorks 2008 database?
• Based on the AdventureWorks 2008 data dictionary, how many entities would be included in the logical data model of this database? Defend your answer.
• Identify five tables in the AdventureWorks database. Provide the description of each table and discuss how each table is used.
• View the CustomerAddress Table, Customer Table, Address Table, and AddressType Table.
• Identify the primary key of each table.
• Discuss which tables have a foreign key relationship with another table.
• Discuss some of the different data types you viewed in the database tables.

Your initial post should be a minimum of three hundred words.