Discuss the various strategies for determining the appropriate qualitative research method for a study.

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Reply must be 250 words and include citations from at least 1 scholarly sources. Each thread and reply must follow current APA format.

Glesne, C. (2016) Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction (5th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.

**TONI**

Discuss the various strategies for determining the appropriate qualitative research method for a study.

James Rice and Marilyn Simon’s (n.d.) graph in the article “Choosing Your Research Method in a Nutshell” simplifies yet expands the many types of research possibilities.  For example, case study research requires the observation of groups to determine the reason a situation exists, and phenomenology attempts to understand the lived experience in terms of a specific phenomenon (Rice & Simon, n.d.).  However, the determination of the use of a specific qualitative method is dependent on several factors.  Foremost, a purpose statement is formulated, and questions arise from the statement and ultimately reflect the type of study (Simon, 2011).  The research question reflects the selection of the method and design (Simon, 2011).   The development of a method is what works in answering the research questions (O’Leary, 2005).  The research question is a guide as to what needs to be done and asked to finalize data collection methods to be utilized in the research (Glesne, 2016).  Of course, one must first decide on a topic, conduct a literature review, and perhaps a pilot study to try different research methods, writing in a journal to organize thoughts and ideas and research theoretical connections to the topic (Glesne, 2016).

Provide specific examples from the required reading and presentation.  If you were to do a qualitative study for your dissertation, what method would you choose, and why?

Glesne’s (2016) example on page 43 provides the continuum for determining methodology beginning first with the research statement in which her statement began with ‘to understand and describe ways’ and determined the best method is ethnographic research.  Following the statement, she then provided two questions that began with ‘in what ways’ and ‘how’ (Glesne, 2016).  The methods included the review of literature, observations, interviews, and document collection (Glesne, 2016).  Since qualitative research is emergent and ongoing, the methodology choices may change or expand with derived research knowledge.  Glesne (2016) provides an example in which she worked with an environmental group in a Costa Rican fishing town.  She found that within that setting, various methodologies were possible in that the study began with conventional ethnography but expanded to community-based action research when she heard that indigenous people were losing access to land to foreigners due to a lack of land title (Glesne, 2016).

Since qualitative research is exploratory, the goal of my dissertation is to determine if trauma is a by-product of criminality due to aggression and impulsivity commonly found in those with trauma backgrounds.  The goal is to develop and identify patterns of criminal backgrounds due to childhood trauma utilizing specific crimes committed in adulthood and context with traumatic experiences.  With that said, and as I begin to understand explicit methodologies, I am torn between several approaches.  The case study approach focuses on an event, process, and milieu of the individual (Center for Research Quality, 2015).  The objective is to determine if the lived experience of trauma led to crime and if so, in what ways (Center for Research Quality, 2015).  The other choice is grounded theory and although it is the least common, it seems fitting in that the researcher establishes relationships via interviews and observations and builds a theory based on phenomena (Ferrell, 2016).

References

Center for Research Quality.  (2015, August 13).  Overview of Qualitative Research Methods [Video file].  Retrieved from  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IsAUNs-IoSQ&feature=youtu.be.

Ferrell, J.  (2016, June 6).  Types of Qualitative Research [Video file].  Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptmxKTeCmDg&feature=youtu.be.

Glesne, C.  (2016).  Becoming Qualitative Researchers:  An Introduction.  Boston:  Pearson.

Rice, J., & Simon, M.K.  Choosing Your Research Method in a Nutshell. 

Simon, M.K. (2011).  Dissertation and scholarly research:  Recipes for success.  Seattle:  Dissertation Success, LLC.  http://dissertationrecipes.com/.

Criminal Psychology And Behavior Quiz

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QUESTION 1

  1. According to the authors of your text, our inability to prevent crime is largely due to:

A.    A declining interest in the field of criminology.

B.    The difficulty in defining the term crime.

C.    The complexity of the issue.

D.    The paucity of experts studying crime.

E.    The lack of funding available for research.

  

QUESTION 2

  1. Most contemporary biopsychologists believe:

A.   Genetic and neuropsychological variables play a part in criminal behavior.

B.   Genetic components are the sole causal agents of human behavior.

C.   Understanding the social environment is irrelevant in studying criminal                              behavior.

D.   Criminal behavior is an evolutionary throwback to an earlier stage in the evolution of man.

E.   Antisocial behavior is explained by somatyping.

  

QUESTION 3

  1. When parents see an unusually large number of minor problems in their children as problematic, and then resort to authoritarian strategies to deal with the problems, it is called the:

A.   Authoritarian approach.

B   .Authoritative style.

C.   Enmeshed style.

D.   Permissive practice approach.

e.   Neglecting approach.

  

QUESTION 4

  1. The psychodynamic approach explains behavior in terms of:

A.  Motives and drives.

B.  Personality traits.

C.  Free will.

D.  Logic.

E.  Heredity and family history.

  

QUESTION 5

  1. Low parental monitoring is associated with:

A.  Higher levels of antisocial behavior.

B.  Higher levels of violence.

C.  Earlier initiation of drug abuse.

D.  Earlier initiation of alcohol abuse.

E.  All of the above.

  

QUESTION 6

  1. Several studies suggest that parental monitoring is especially important between the ages of:

A.  Nine and 16.

B.  Six and five weeks.

C.  Five and 18.

D.  12 and 18.

E.  13 and 16.

  

QUESTION 7

  1. Which of the following is not a method of measuring crime?

A.   UCR.

B.   Self-report studies.

C.   PCL-R.

D.   National Victimization Studies.

E.   Supplementary homicide report.

  

QUESTION 8

  1. According to Sutherland’s theory of differential association:

A.   Criminal behavior can be learned only by associating with others who are     criminal.

B.   Violent behavior is biologically determined.

C.   Criminal behavior is learned like any other behavior.

D.   Criminal behavior is learned primarily through classical conditioning.

E.   None of the above.

  

QUESTION 9

  1. The weapon used in road rage is:

A.   A gun.

B.   A knife.

C.   One’s fist.

D.   Obscene gestures.

E.   The vehicle.

  

QUESTION 10

  1. Poverty is an example of ____ risk factor.

A.   A social.

B.   A amilialf.

C.   An economic.

D.   A psychological.

E.   A self-fulfilling.

  

QUESTION 11

  1. The ability to control one’s behavior in accordance with internal standards is called:

A.   Non-risky behavior.

B.   Scrutinization.

C.   Self-regulation.

D.   Frontal-lobe control.

E.   Undoing.

  

QUESTION 12

  1. Serious criminal offenders often present with _____ cognitions.

A.   Contracted.

B.   Distorted.

C.   Dominant.

D.   Erotic.

E.   Subversive.

  

QUESTION 13

  1. Which one of the following would not be a primary concern of sociological criminology?

A.   Personality characteristics of rapists.

B.   Age characteristics of murderers.

C.   Gender of victims of aggravated assault.

D.   Relationship of victim to offender.

E.   The victim characteristics of hate crimes.

  

QUESTION 14

  1. Operant and social learning originated from a school of psychological thought called:

A.   Psychoanalysis.

B.   Socioperant conditioning.

C.   Social learning.

D.   Behaviorism.

E.   Determinism.

  

QUESTION 15

  1. Which one of the following behaviors is an example of adolescent risk-taking behavior?

A.   Binge drinking.

B.   Participation in school athletics.

C.   Obtaining a driver’s license.

D.   Video gaming.

E.   Walking to school.

  

QUESTION 16

  1. Those influences in a person’s life that are believed to increase the probability that an individual will engage in criminal behavior are called:

A.   Self-regulatory factors.

B.   Criminogenic needs.

C.   Criminogenic determinants.

D.   Impulsive drives.

E.   Risk factors.

  

QUESTION 17

  1. The research on environmental risk factors during infancy indicates that:

A.   Lead exposure may be linked to antisocial behavior.

B.   Trans fats are closely associated with delinquent behavior.

C.   Junk foods often lead to persistent and violent criminal behavior.

D.   An organic diet can greatly reduce likelihood of antisocial behavior.

E.   High sugar intake before age two is linked to criminal behavior.

  

QUESTION 18

  1. The tendency of a variety of people across the country to model or copy particular criminal activity portrayed by the entertainment media is called:

A.   Contagion effect.

B.   Copy-cat syndrome.

C.   Escalation.

D.   Circular imagining.

E.   Media modeling.

  

QUESTION 19

  1. Malicious gossip is an example of what type of human aggression?

A.   Direct active verbal.

B.   Indirect active verbal.

C.   Direct passive verbal.

D.   Indirect passive verbal.

E.   Directive instrumental.

QUESTION 20

  1. Sigmund Freud is most associated with which one of the following fields?

A.   Traditional psychiatric criminology.

B.   Sociological criminology.

C.   Psychological criminology.

D.   Contemporary psychiatric criminology.

E.   Molecular criminology.

Advance Law Enforcement

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CRJ430: Advance Law Enforcement

 

Week 3 Discussion

COLLAPSE

Top of Form

 

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Part1: “Patrol Strategies”  Please respond to the following:

· Read the article titled “Proactive Patrolling through the Use of Patrol Scripts”, located  here . Review the three (3) elements of the crime triangle and give your opinion as to how they contribute to crime.

· Compare and contrast the main relative strengths and weaknesses of foot patrol and automobile patrol. Explore how police can combine these two (2) patrol methods to enhance the effectiveness of patrol efforts. Support your response.

· Imagine that you are the director of an inner-city school district’s school police. Propose how you would implement at least one (1) of the patrol strategies discussed in the textbook to improve the overall safety and security for the students that attend schools in your district.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Part2: Student Response

 

Theresa Thompson 

RE: Week 3 Discussion

COLLAPSE

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Good afternoon Professor,

One element of the crime triangle is:

1.The Offender: When and offender targets a victim at a specific location then a crime is certain to occur. But if there is no offender than a crime cannot occur.

2.Victim: A victim is usually the target of an offender and at this point a crime is committed.

3.Location: Is usually where an offender is present to come in contact with a victim and commits a crime.

Foot Patrol and Automobile Patrol

Foot Patrol provides close citizen contact so that officers can develop a rapport between themselves and the citizens of the community. Foot patrol also seeks to address neighborhood problems before they become a crime. Moreover, foot patrol also provides a way for the officers to communicate with those living in the community.

Disadvantages of Foot patrol are:that is relatively expensive program,it also interferes with the officers ability to communicate with dispatch or get information, It also limits the officers ability to pursue suspects that may be in vehicles, and there ability to respond to calls of service in other areas. By combining these two methods it provides for two different types of patrol. The Routine Patrol where both officers either on foot or in a car provides a constant presence of the police in the community that can help to deter crime from happening. 2. Random Patrol: often increases the chance that an officer will detect and disrupt a crime from happening in the public places. Moreover, it can deter potential criminals because they never know when a squad car will be present in the area or a foot patrol officer. Pg 144. Getting the Job done.

As a director of an inner school district I would use foot patrol for the school district. Mainly because this way the officers get to know the students in the area and communicate and develop a rapport with them. The foot patrol officers can patrol the school districts to make sure that there are no bad elements hanging around the school. The students can feel a sense of security knowing that the officers are around and easily able to reach out to them. The officers would be present and around before during and after school to ensure the safety of the students in those areas.

Bottom of Form

 

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NSC Structure Comparison Paper

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NSEC501_D02_202030 – 202030 SUMMER 2020 NSEC 501-D02 LUO

NSC Structure Comparison Paper

Alfreda Dunlap on Tue, Jul 28 2020, 8:49 AM

 

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Submission ID: 24eddd8c-2e69-4dfe-acd4-b9a1973bd6f2

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Attachment ID: 3175657587

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Citations (11/11)

1. 1Another student’s paper 

2. 2Another student’s paper 

3. 3 https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20080421_RL30840_dfb966d879e0acda6ba0b580acd9bbe6a61cbec1.html 

4. 4 https://gsdrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/043-National-Security-Advisor-Office.pdf 

5. 5Another student’s paper 

6. 6 https://www.hsdl.org/?search&exact=Rollins%2C+John&searchfield=creator&collection=limited&submitted=Search&advanced=1&release=0 

7. 7Another student’s paper 

8. 8 https://www.npr.org/2017/01/30/512489785/fact-check-spin-aside-trumps-national-security-council-has-a-very-big-change 

9. 9Another student’s paper 

10. 10 https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/20111228_RL30840_c98e4da2a46c126e9c85ee1f5a284df66f9141a3.html 

11. 11Another student’s paper 

Running head: 1 NSC STRUCTURE COMPARISON 1

NSC STRUCTURE COMPARISON 1

2 NSC Structure Comparison

Name Alfreda Dunlap

Liberty University

Course NSEC501

Professor Michael Perez

Date 8/2/20

2 I attest this submission represents my own work, and not that of another student, scholar, or internet source.  I understand I am responsible for knowing and correctly utilizing referencing and bibliographical guidelines.

NSC Structure Comparison

National Security Council (NSC) structure is imperative in advising and assisting the ruling president in making decisions on national and foreign security policies. The structures differ from one another as per the president’s preferences. This can be seen in the case of the structure during Trump’s administration and President Bush’s administration. Defense strategies, intelligence, and coordination are considered in the policymaking procedures carried out after analyses of expected and current threats. Recommendations presented by the advisory through the presidents are formed from the intelligence of various security committees. The paper will examine the National Security Council structures during Trump’s and Bush’s administrations and evaluate their similarities and differences. Also, the strengths and weaknesses of each structure will be reviewed. The development of a proposed structure for the POTUS will also be included. Global Security Council structures are significant to evade crises and threats. In this paper, the similarities, differences, strengths, weaknesses, and the POTUS proposed structure of Trump’s and Bush’s administration will be explained.

Similarities

Both structures in the countries depend on interagency systems. Intelligence obtained from the systems is combined, as reported by the committee heads and secretaries. The National Security Advisor is appointed to lead the advisory board in coordinating and advising the president (Bell, 2019). In addition, the agencies must cooperate and liaise with each other for clarity of intelligence, enabling the advisory process to be effective. Both leaders uphold consultations from the agency systems on National Security affairs. Even during crises, interagency coordination is highly considered in the policy development processes (Bell, 2019). For example, the defense secretary, homeland security, foreign secretary, Central Intelligence Agency, and Trade secretary must be involved from the agencies and ministries. The president with other statutory attendees such as the secretary of defense, treasury, state, and vice president form the committee (Bolton, 2017). The committee serves as the right hand in coordinating security policies in conjunction with other security agencies.

A National Security Advisor is appointed in the structures to provide expert advice. Additionally, the advisor is responsible for coordinating policies and initiatives among ministries and agencies (Hardley, 2016). This is imperative in enabling a sense of agency in the interagency processes, as advocated by the executives. Intelligence obtained from the agencies plays a significant role in obtaining an understanding and support of policies presented to the Security Council and how the council heads will support the policies (Hardley, 2016). This is determined by the coordination of the agencies and ministries and their input when relaying information on policy matters. The advisor also enables emergency coordination bodies during policies and resource allocation support from the executives in dealing with national threats. This increases the executive’s ability to make decisions and policies that observe unity and high authority (Bolton, 2017).

Strategies in both security structures follow priorities, threats, resource allocation, and response on defense positions increasing the national preparedness. This is imperative in ensuring that both current and anticipated threats have developed contingency plans (Thomson & Blagden, 2018). Security reviews carried out not only improve on the policies already developed but also new policies that are coherent in improving the overall security policymaking process. This is because the decisions are made through joint assessment through oversight and intelligence from the agencies. Further, the strategies have a military balance in which security forces heads provide an overview of the strategies (Thomson & Blagden, 2018). That ensures that strategies consider senior military intelligence in the advisory committee influencing National Security Structures. Principals, policy coordination, and deputies’ committees review and monitor policies attained from the interagency systems (Bell, 2019).

3 Both President Trump and the Bush administration considered the separate roles of Homeland Security and the National Security Council.  With the NSC foreseeing international security threats and issues, the Homeland Security Council is concerned with the domestic threats and priorities as per the CSR report (2017). In addition, the NSC can integrate domestic and military policies on matters pertaining to international security. That led to changes in who has authority on both entities. According to the CSR report in both administrations, the assistant to the president in matters concerning national security has authority over the two entities (2017). 2 Corinthians 10:12 The Message We’re not, understand, putting ourselves in a league with those who boast that they’re our superiors. We wouldn’t dare do that. But in all this comparing and grading and competing, they quite miss the point. Paul answers that he and his friends would do everything he wrote in his letters, no matter how unimpressive he might appear. Paul is not participating in the cultural competency to be the most popular or most followed public personality. He describes his opponents as being without understanding—they are unwise—as proven by their continual need to measure themselves against each other

Differences

A political advisor in Trump’s administration has been included in the structure as a regular and permanent attendee. That is compared with Bush’s administration in which a political strategist was a regular attendee (McInnis & Rollins, 2017). The political advisor must regularly attend the council meetings and offer his advice on policies from a political point of view. That is especially imperative in policies and strategies regarding international security threats. The advisor also bears positive strategies for the president being his chief strategist (McInnis & Rollins, 2017). The changes also reduced the secretary of energy to become an irregular attendee to the council meetings. During Bush’s tenure, the secretary of energy was a statutory member of the council.

Trump’s NSC structure has increased Congress’s input compared to Bush’s structure during his presidency. For instance, the appropriation of subcommittees and staff personnel influences the operations micromanagement as per the CSR report (2017). The limited congress numbers of individuals in the policymaking processes have increased due to the separation of Homeland and National Security councils compared to Bush’s tenure. That has been due to the organization of the security staff from the executive office and other government agencies. That also has a consideration of the attendees and participants that the current structure approach that has been undertaken by President Trump. According to the CSR report (2017), the revised security organization changed the roles some directors had to remain as permanent attendees, such as the Director of National Intelligence.

Strengths

Trump’s structure has been able to address and appreciate its American Dream strengths. That has been through the implementation, alignment, and coordination of defense policies for military strategy, competition, and economic advancement (Strange, 2018). That is significant to the nation for both domestic and international growth through the political advisor’s advice. Assessment of the council objectives, commitments, and risks concerning policies ensures that the president makes decisions that carry out government policies. The structure boasts of containment of threat and crisis capabilities through cooperation and intelligence operations (Strange, 2018). That articulates the responsibilities of the executive branch of the government to been performed with effectiveness as expected by the public.

Both Trump’s and Bush’s structures have integrated the Homeland Security Council and the National Security Council as separate entities. That has enabled the effectiveness of security functions and coordination (McInnis & Rollins, 2017). With Homeland Security increasing its focus on internal domestic security defense, the National Security Council focuses more on international and transnational security issues. That subjected the councils to obtain concrete intelligence on the threats increasing the effectiveness of the policies. That has created a balance on policies held in addressing inconsistencies with the increased risk of terror activities.

Weaknesses

The weaknesses seen in Trump’s structure is the increased inability to consider the advice of the council. That can be due to the inclusion of the political advisor to the committee. The political advisor may have limited expertise in global security affairs, which influences the council’s advice to the president during policymaking decisions (Montanaro, 2017). That creates loopholes when political agendas are prioritized compared to the prioritization of domestic and foreign security threats. That can limit the professionalism that the administration takes when employing expert advice on national matters.

During Bush’s administration, a weakness could be seen in integrating statutory advisors to the council to attend the principals’ meetings. That could impact the decision-making processes in cases where responsibilities and expertise opinions differed in discussions (McInnis & Rollins, 2017). The current administration changed the roles and participation of some regular members in the security meetings. That would ensure that end decisions and policies were in respect to the chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Also, Bush’s administration’s weakness in the intentions of the security meetings participations could influence the advice given to the head of the state.

POTUS Proposed Structure

A proposal on the removal of the political advisor from the current National Security would be applicable. That would reduce the notion that the president’s political agenda is higher than the security of the nation. The political advisor’s role could instead be taken by the Director of Intelligence becoming a permanent participant of the principals’ committee. The current changes in the structure could also involve the secretary of energy. That is because the secretary plays a huge role in the production of military power through energy. Nuclear weapons production and distribution, for instance, require the input of the secretary to ensure safety and deterrence during use. The secretary would also offer oversight on the governance of nuclear energy towards combating security threats and the impact it can have on domestic threats.

Conclusion

National Security Council structures are as designed and modeled by the current ruling presidents as per their preferences. Trump’s and Bush’s presidency tenures are articulated to have a lot of similarities as compared to differences. For instance, both presidents chose to treat Homeland Security and the National Security Councils as different entities. This increased focus on intelligence regarding policies on domestic and foreign threats, respectively. Major differences are observed in the organization and the inclusion of council participants. The inclusion of a political advisor during Trump’s administration increases the notion of prioritization of political agendas compared to national security and defense. That has created a huge controversy on the strengths of the adopted structure. Despite this, both Bush and Trump’s tenures have facilitated national security policies to meet the nation’s purpose. The protection and safety of the citizens have been held within the structures as per the statutory foundations. That has ensured consistency in facing significant challenges and threats in the past and the future, from domestic and foreign domains.

References

Bell, M. (2019). DoD in the interagency system. Preparing senior staff officers for joint strategic assignments.

Bolton, L. (2017). 4 National Security Office responsibilities and functions.

Hadley, J. (2016). 5 The role and importance of the National Security Advisor.  4 Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs.  http://defense360.csis.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Scowcroft-Paper-1_Hadley_The-Rolland-Importance-of-the-NSA.pdf

McInnis, K. & Rollins, J. (2017). 6 Trump Administration changes to the National Security Council:  7 frequently asked questions.  CSR insight. 2 https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/IN10640.pdf

Montanaro, D. (2017). 8 Spin aside, Trump’s National Security Council has a very big change.  9 https://www.npr.org/2017/01/30/512489785/fact-check-spin-aside-trumps-national-security-council-has-a-very-big-change

Strange, L. (2018). 10 The National Security Council:  A tool for decision. 10 American Enterprise Institute.  https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/the-national-security-council-a-tool-for-decision/ The CSR report. (2017). 10 The National Security Council:  11 Background and Issues for Congress.  Retrieved from https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R44828.html

Thomson, c. & Blagden, D. (2018). A very British National Security state: Formal and informal institutions in the design of UK security policy. The British journal of politics and international relations 20(3).