December 2022 – Page 263 – Homework Handlers

Identify the constitutional amendment that would govern Officer Jones’ actions.

December 17, 2022/in Uncategorized /by SK

Officer Jones asked the neighborhood’s regular trash collector to put the content of the defendant’s garbage that was left on the curb in plastic bags and to turn over the bags to him at the end of the day. The trash collector did as the officer asked in order to not mix the garbage once he collected the defendant’s garbage. The officer searched through the garbage and found items indicative of narcotics use. The officer then recited the information that was obtained from the trash in an affidavit in support of a warrant to search the defendant’s home. The officer encountered the defendant at the house later that day upon execution of the warrant. The officer found quantities of cocaine and marijuana during the search and arrested the defendant on felony narcotics charges.

Write a one to two (1-2) page paper in which you:

Identify the constitutional amendment that would govern Officer Jones’ actions.
Analyze the validity and constitutionality of officer’s Jones’ actions.
Discuss if Officer Jones’ actions were justified under the doctrines of plain view, abandonment, open fields, or border searches.
Use at least two (2) quality references. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.

Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

This course requires use of Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The APA format is different than other Strayer University courses. Please take a moment to review the SWS documentation for details.

How the juvenile justice system views the classification of age in relation to delinquent behavior varies

December 17, 2022/in Uncategorized /by SK

How the juvenile justice system views the classification of age in relation to delinquent behavior varies, sometimes based on circumstance and jurisdiction or on legal rights. These factors affect how a juvenile will enter or avoid the criminal justice system and the strategies employed to handle juveniles.

In this Assignment, you classify an offense for a juvenile and determine strategies for handling a juvenile in the criminal justice system by considering the various options available, including options that do not involve criminal charges or incarceration.

To prepare:

Read the Week 4 case study found in the Criminal Justice Case Studies: Juvenile Delinquency and Justice document.
Aspects of the Assignment require you to apply your learning to this case study.
Review the Elements of an Intake Report document for a model.

By Day 7 of Week 4

Part 1

In 500 to 750 words, address the following. The audience for your writing is professional (e.g., probation officer, judge).

Determine a classification for the type of offense described in the case study.
Recommend a short-term and a long-term strategy to address the offense, which may include a placement recommendation (e.g., halfway house, nonprofit institution, social services, family “replacement,” or incarceration).
Develop an intake plan for the offender in the form of an intake report that would be submitted to a juvenile court judge.

Where applicable, support your responses by referring to the Learning Resources.

Part 2

In 500 to 750 words, respond to the following. Recall that this portion of your document is your analysis and reflection, the audience for which is your Instructor only.

Describe the developmental needs in juveniles that align with the prevention, intervention, or rehabilitation strategies that you used in your report.
Describe the factors that affected your placement recommendation (e.g., halfway house, nonprofit institution, social services, family “replacement,” or incarceration).
Explain how you measure successful interventions for juveniles.

http://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/facts-and-case-summary-re-gault
Facts and Case Summary – In re Gault

Facts and Case Summary: In re Gault 387 U.S. 1 (1967)

Facts:

Gerald (“Jerry”) Gault was a 15 year-old accused of making an obscene telephone call to a neighbor, Mrs. Cook, on June 8, 1964. After Mrs. Cook filed a complaint, Gault and a friend, Ronald Lewis, were arrested and taken to the Children’s Detention Home. Gault was on probation when he was arrested, after being in the company of another boy who had stolen a wallet from a woman’s purse.

At the time of the arrest related to the phone call, Gault’s parents were at work. The arresting officer left no notice for them and did not make an effort to inform them of their son’s arrest. When Gault’s mother did not find Gault at home, she sent his older brother looking for him. They eventually learned of Gault’s arrest from the family of Ronald Lewis. When Mrs. Gault arrived at the Detention Home, she was told that a hearing was scheduled in juvenile court the following day.

The arresting officer filed a petition with the court on the same day of Gault’s initial court hearing. The petition was not served on Gault or his parents. In fact, they did not see the petition until more than two months later, on August 17, 1964, the day of Gerald’s habeas corpus hearing. The June 9 hearing was informal. Not only was Mrs. Cook not present, but no transcript or recording was made, and no one was sworn in prior to testifying. Gault was questioned by the judge and there are conflicting accounts as to what, if anything, Gault admitted. After the hearing, Gault was taken back to the Detention Home. He was detained for another two or three days before being released.    When Gault was released, his parents were notified that another hearing was scheduled for June 15, 1964.

Mrs. Cook was again not present for the June 15th hearing, despite Mrs. Gault’s request that she be there “so she could see which boy that done the talking, the dirty talking over the phone.” Again, no record was made and there were conflicting accounts regarding any admissions by Gault. At this hearing, the probation officers filed a report listing the charge as lewd phone calls. An adult charged with the same crime would have received a maximum sentence of a $50 fine and two months in jail. The report was not disclosed to Gault or his parents. At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge committed Gault to juvenile detention for six years, until he turned 21.

Gault’s parents filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, which was dismissed by both the Superior Court of Arizona and the Arizona Supreme Court. The Gaults next sought relief in the Supreme Court of the United States. The Court agreed to hear the case to determine the procedural due process rights of a juvenile criminal defendant.

Procedure:

Lower Courts: The proceedings against Gault were conducted by a judge of the Superior Court of Arizona who was designated by his colleagues to serve as a juvenile court judge. Lower Court Ruling: The juvenile court judge committed Gault to juvenile detention until he attained the age of 21. At that time, no appeal was permitted in juvenile cases by Arizona law; therefore, a habeas petition was filed in the Supreme Court of Arizona and referred to the Superior Court for a hearing. The Superior Court dismissed the petition, and the Arizona Supreme Court affirmed.

Issue:

The Supreme Court agreed to hear the case to determine the procedural rights of a juvenile defendant in delinquency proceedings where there is a possibility of incarceration.

Ruling:

Reversed and remanded. In its opinion, the Court unanimously overruled Betts v. Brady.

Argued: January 15, 1963

Decided: March 18, 1963

Unanimous Decision: Justice Fortas wrote the opinion of the court. Justices Douglas, Clark, and Harlan each wrote concurring opinions.

Reasoning:

In its opinion, the Court underscored the importance of due process, stating that it “is the primary and indispensable foundation of individual freedom” and that “the procedural rules which have been fashioned from the generality of due process are our best instruments for the distillation and evaluation of essential facts from the conflicting…data that life and our adversary methods present.”  In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 20 (1967). The Court noted that, had Gault been 18 at the time of his arrest, he would have been afforded the procedural safeguards available to adults. The Court closely examined the juvenile court system, ultimately determining that, while there are legitimate reasons for treating juveniles and adults differently, juveniles facing an adjudication of delinquency and incarceration are entitled to certain procedural safeguards under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

https://www.co.eau-claire.wi.us/departments/departments-a-k/children-s-court-services/juvenile-intake

Juvenile Court Intake

The Juvenile Court Intake Office is composed of Juvenile Court Intake workers. We receive all cases involving juveniles in the county who are alleged to have committed a crime. We also work with juveniles who are habitually truant from school and juveniles who are uncontrollable in their homes. The Juvenile court process is outlined below.

The Juvenile Court Intake Office receives reports and referrals from Law Enforcement, Schools and Parents.

1. Determine jurisdiction. Juvenile Code Chapter 938.24

· Is the child between ages of 10 and 17 years and is their Prima Facie jurisdiction that a crime was committed.-938.12

· Is child between ages 6 and 18 years old and has the child been habitually truant form school.-118.15

· Is the child uncontrollable and does the parent request to sign a petition asking for juvenile court jurisdiction. Typically parents in these cases are concerned due to their children running away from home, consuming illegal drugs, not attending school, destroying property at home, verbally or physically aggressive to others in the home. 938.13(6)

2. Notify both parents/guardians and child of Intake Conference. If applicable-Notify victim of crime of Intake Conference-Determine restitution.

3. Intake Conference: Meeting with the family

· Explain Juvenile Court process and possible dispositions

· Explain legal rights

· Determine if child is admitting to allegations in report.

· Assessment interview

· Discuss issues relating to the incident of delinquency, truancy, or   uncontrollability.

· Discuss any family issues which relate to child’s behavior

· Drug and alcohol use

· School Performance

· Mental Health

· Discuss other issues which could be pertinent to the child

· Discuss various services available in the community

4. Make Intake decision and determine direction of case

· Refer case to District Attorney or Corporation Counsel requesting petition be filed with the court.

· Enter into a Deferred Prosecution Agreement.

· Youth court

· Accountability Workshop

· Restitution

· Mental Health services

· Drug screens

· Parenting services

· Community Service work

· Counsel and release

· Other

5. Complete Summary Report-Make appropriate referrals

The Juvenile Court Intake office is responsible to send out notices for juvenile court proceedings, prepare and maintain the court files, and assist the court in carrying out its duties.

https://mym.cdn.laureate-media.com/2dett4d/Walden/CRJS/2002/04/WJO/index.html

https://mym.cdn.laureate-media.com/2dett4d/Walden/CRJS/2002/04/WJO/index.html

https://mym.cdn.laureate-media.com/2dett4d/Walden/CRJS/2002/04/WJO/index.html

Literature Review Cybercrime APA Essay

December 17, 2022/in Uncategorized /by SK

Topic: Cybercrime. What are some of the effective strategies being implemented by the CJS to prevent and combat cybercrimes?

Requirements:

This Literature Review should be over 5 pages in content (but no longer than 6) not including title page, abstract, and reference. Points will be deducted for not meeting this requirement.
It should be typed using 12 point font Times New Roman or Calibri, double-spaced, and 1-inch margins all around. Points will be deducted for not meeting these requirements.
Use the APA style to format in-text citations and reference page.
It should contain the following sections:
- Cover page (does not count toward page requirement)
- Abstract (does not count toward page requirement)
- Introduction with thesis
- Body: Literature review
- Conclusion
- References (does not count toward page requirement). At least 6 of them should be the peer-reviewed articles you already read. You can include other sources in the paper but you must have a minimum of 6 peer-reviewed articles.

**Follow the Literature Review template for the paper and follow the Literature Review Matrix to do the paper. Both (template and matrix are attached).**

Running head: SHORTENED TITLE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW 1

SHORTENED TITLE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW 4

[REPLACE/DELETE TEXT WITHIN BRACKETS]

[Complete Title of the Literature Review]

[Your Name]

Florida International University

Abstract

[Type the abstract. This is an overall short summary of what is being presented on your paper. Review the APA guide for more information https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ ]

Introduction [about 1 page]

[Type Introduction]

[Include your clear thesis towards the end of the introduction section]

[Include in-text citations when necessary]

Literature Review [between 3-4 pages]

[Type the information from the Matrix Table in an organized manner]

[Insert transitions where necessary]

[Include in-text citations when necessary]

Conclusion [about 1 page]

[Provide a comprehensive synthesis summary of what was presented above…Thesis, main idea 1, main idea 2, and main idea 3]

[Include in-text citations]

[Finish with a last thought]

References

[Use the APA style to format the list of references (at least 6 peer-review journal articles)]

[A sample reference Hass, S.M., & Spence, D.H. (2015). Predicting Client Success in Day Report Centers: The Importance of Risk and Needs Assessment. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(7), 502-519. doi: 10.1080/10509674.2015.1076104]

[B sample reference Hass, S.M., & Spence, D.H. (2015). Predicting Client Success in Day Report Centers: The Importance of Risk and Needs Assessment. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(7), 502-519. doi: 10.1080/10509674.2015.1076104]

[C To have every reference indent as shown above…Select all the listed references, go to “Paragraph” on the tool menu, click on the little arrow to the bottom right, on new window…click on the drop-down menu under indent, choose “hanging,” click ok.]

Criminal Justice Reflection Assignment

December 17, 2022/in Uncategorized /by SK

Discussion assignment:

250 words long

Discussion question:

· This week’s discussion board, for this last post, you are to explain two things you learned this semester and why they were memorable to you.

The class name is VIOLENCE IN AMERICA just write about any two that you think fits. You will find attached most of the chapters you have relate to any two of the 10 chapters posted to write.

Remember: Your posts must be 250 words of substantial content.

Here is one of the classmate responses:

Two of the most important aspects that I have learned from this class is that 1. violence in America has been an ongoing problem and there isn’t necessarily a single solution to stop it, and 2. there’s a lot of opportunity with careers and advancement when working with Customs and Border Protection. In relation to the first aspect, I introduced, is that there are so many crimes that make up the category of violent crime. These include domestic violence, terrorism, genocide, stalking, and its complicated because you can’t solve it, or even explain why people commit these crimes. You can use criminological theory, or statistics, but every circumstance is different. For instance, there may be different deterrence factors for crimes relating to domestic violence, but these deterrence factors may not be applicable to prevent crimes of terrorism, there isn’t a universal answer to stop crime related to violence. These crimes have also been occurring for many years and will continue to happen because they’re so complex. Pertaining to the second aspect I introduced, I learned a lot of information about the Department of Homeland Security, specifically with Customs and Border Protection from the guest speakers that were in class. I always wondered what the typical day to day routine was like for people who worked in this profession, and it was definitely interesting to hear what it was like. I also liked how the guest speaker spoke about the pay scale and advancement within the agency. This even entailed how there are a plethora of benefits and job openings when you have time working for the agency. Overall, I learned so many new things from this class and it has been an enjoyable semester.

Chapter 7:

STRANGER DANGER AND VIOLENCE IN THE STREETS

Stranger Danger

Even though the odds are that perpetrators of interpersonal violence are most likely to be familiar acquaintances, friends, and family, the fact is that we usually don’t fear them the way we fear strangers.
Stranger crime still instills the most fear
Robbery
Workplace violence including bank robbery
Violent hate crime
Street gang violence

Robbery

- Use or threat of force AND the theft of property (with or without injury)
- A burglary, in which an offender(s) breaks into a residence and steals a homeowner’s belongings, is also considered a property crime because there is no force or threat of force to a person.
- A burglary can become a robbery if an offender finds someone in the house and uses or threatens to use force against that person during the commission of the crime.

NCVS Data on robbery

Rates of robbery have declined since the highs witnessed in the early 1990s.
Since 2002, they have remained relatively stable.
The robbery rate per 1,000 individuals aged 12 and over in 2002 was 2.7 compared to a rate of 2.5 in 2014.
This translates into almost 664,200 robbery victimizations every year.

Risk Factors

Like all violent crime, young adults are more likely to experience a robbery compared to their older counterparts.
According to the NCVS, those between the ages of 18 and 24 have the highest rates of robbery.
Minority populations, especially African Americans and American Indians or Alaskan Natives, are also more vulnerable to robbery.
The poor are more vulnerable to robbery victimizations compared to those with higher family incomes
Minorities who live under the poverty level are extremely vulnerable to robbery.
African Americans whose family incomes are less than $15,000 are almost 10 times more likely than others to become robbery victims.
Why?

Risk Factors

Younger males are at a higher risk of experiencing a robbery compared with their younger female counterparts; however, this is not the case for the elderly.

In fact, elderly males and females are equally vulnerable to robbery.

Marital status and geographical location are also related to robbery victimization.

Those living in urban locations are more likely to experience a robbery compared with either their suburban or rural counterparts.

Being single, either through never marrying or being divorced or separated, also increases the risk of robbery.

Stickups

Street robberies involving individuals are sometimes referred to as muggings or stickups.
Those who victimize primarily commercial establishments are very different in their level of sophistication and modus operandi compared with the typical street robber.
Those who primarily target commercial establishments perceive themselves as more elite than the typical street mugger and often even have disdain and contempt for robbers who primarily target individuals.

Motivations for Robbery

#1 cause for street robberies is to obtain cash and valuables
Sensory stimulation and immediate gratification needs that include

Gambling

Drug use

Heavy drinking

Another common motive is excitement and stimulation
Other causes include paying for food, rent, and to pay for attorneys

Robbery in Action

Robbers often choose quickly.
Routine activities theory

1. Motivated offender

2. Suitable target

3. Lack of capable guardianship

Often target other criminals (drug dealers)
Check cashing businesses & ATMs
Women and the elderly
Visible cues such as clothing, jewelry, demeanor, and awareness also are considered

Female Robbery Offenders

- While the majority of all robbers are male, females represented about 13% of the robbery offenders recalled by robbery victims in the NCVS.
- Jody Miller analyzed 14 interviews with active female robbers and found some interesting gender differences in robbery offending.
- Motivations for robbery were essentially the same for male and female robbers.
- Their modus operandi was different.
- The most common form of female robbery was to rob other females in a physically confrontational manner.
- Females in Miller’s sample most often relied on knives when robbing other women.
- Like their male counterparts, female robbers selected female targets primarily because they believed they were less likely to be armed and less likely to resist.

Preventing Robbery

Economic deprivation
Anomie
General strain theory
Institutional anomie
Equal access to prosocial and advantageous life circumstances would reduce collective strain felt by poorer citizens and perhaps decrease robbery.
Rational choice theory
Assumes rational thinking of financially distraught and substance-addicted offenders
Threat of sanction doesn’t necessarily outweigh what one can glean through the offense

Preventing Robbery

- Situational crime prevention seeks to understand technical and structural solutions to crime such as designing environments or products in ways that minimize the risk of victimization.
- Measures such as installing cameras in crime-prone areas are among such techniques.
- While cameras have proven effective in some commercial areas, critics contend that their presence simply moves street crime outside the camera range.
- Other situational changes such as improving lighting may also deter some offenders—but again, they may simply move to less well-lit areas to do their dirty deeds.
- In other words, some of these changes may simply displace crime to other less well protected areas.

Bank Robbery

Despite the lack of media coverage and more sophisticated security systems, bank robberies are still relatively common.
In 2015, for example, there were 4,091 robberies in financial institutions in the United States.
Today, California has the highest number of bank robberies compared to other states.
For example, in 2011, California had 697 bank robberies compared to the state of New York, which had only 339 robberies.
Why California???

Bank Robbers

Individual passes a note to the teller letting them know that they are being robbed
Happens very quickly
Unbeknownst to most customers
Takeover robbery involves several armed individuals seizing control of a bank
Greater risk
Larger payoff

Workplace Violence

In 2014, for example, out of the 4,679 workplace fatalities that occurred around the country, most were caused by accidents, but 749 of these deaths were because of violence.
Firearms were the most common weapon for homicides and suicides.
In 2014, of the 359 fatal work injuries suffered by females, 5% of them were homicides compared to less than 1% homicide fatalities for males.

Violent Hate Crimes

Also known as a bias crime; offenders select a victim because of some personal characteristic
Race/ethnicity
Religion
Sexuality
Disability
Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990
Attorney general must collect data about crime that manifests evidence of prejudice
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (1994) include mental/physical disabilities
Matthew Shepard & James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act (2010) includes violence based on gender, gender identity, and sexual orientation

Preventing Hate Crime

Xenophobia
Contempt for foreigners and other strangers, especially in times of economic hardship when resources are scarce
Negative stereotypes
Beliefs about a group that characterizes members in a negative way
Increase during times of economic depression
Tendency to separate ourselves into in-groups and out-groups
First amendment protection of hate speech
Southern Poverty Law Center has published methods successfully used by communities to combat hate groups

Street Gang Violence

The U.S. Justice Department’s sponsored National Gang Center uses the following criteria for classifying groups as gangs:
The group has three or more members, generally aged 12-24.
Members share an identity, typically linked to a name, and often other symbols.
Members view themselves as a gang, and they are recognized by others as a gang.
The group has some permanence and a degree of organization.
The group is involved in an elevated level of criminal activity.

What Are We Doing About Gang Violence?

The Five Strategies in OJJDP’s Comprehensive Gang Model

Source: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2010.

Strategy	Elements
Community Mobilization	Involvement of local citizens, former gang-involved youth, local agencies, and community groups
Opportunities Provision	A variety of educational, training, and employment programs targeting gang-involved youth
Social Intervention	Involvement of youth-services agencies, schools, faith-based organizations, police, and other organizations to reach out to gang-involved youth and their families
Suppression	Formal and informal social control, including close supervision of gang-involved youth by criminal justice and school based agencies as well grassroots groups
Organizational Change and Development	Development of policies and procedures that result in the most effective use of available resources across agencies to address the gang problem

Conclusions

While strangers are more likely to commit these crimes, known offenders still perpetrate a significant proportion of these crimes.
Robbery is often linked to economic hardship.
Situational crime prevention works in some spaces.
Inequality remains a dominant underlying source of violence.
Communities can work to promote unity and tolerance where hate crimes and gang violence are less likely to emerge.

Open-Access Student Resources

· SAGE journal articles

· Multimedia resources

and more at study.sagepub.com/alvarez3e

Alvarez/Bachman, Violence: The Enduring Problem, 3rd Edition

Identify the constitutional amendment that would govern Officer Jones’ actions.

How the juvenile justice system views the classification of age in relation to delinquent behavior varies

Literature Review Cybercrime APA Essay

Criminal Justice Reflection Assignment

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