DeFronzo Research Study

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CJ490: Research Methods in Criminal Justice

Unit 10 Worksheet

 

Student Name: _______________________________________________________

Using the DeFronzo research study, break down the study into its corresponding research components. Answer each the following six questions below based on each separate research component. You answers should be 200-350 words each. Cite your work using APA as needed. Provide your full source references at the end of worksheet.

 

1. Identify the research purpose of this study. What is the central research question being addressed?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2. Identify the independent variable(s). Identify the dependent variable(s). Identify any additional control variable(s).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. Identify the general population of subjects being used. Based on this population, what sampling strategy did DeFronzo employ? Identify the sampling technique and describe the resulting sample of subjects (people, places, or things) analyzed in the study.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. Identify the research design used. Explain why this particular design was utilized in comparison to other possible designs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

5. Identify the data collection methods used in this study to measure the variables.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6. Assess the validity and reliability of this research study based on the research components.

Institutional Treatment Of Criminal Offender – Chapter 8

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Probation.

 

Required Textbook: Clear, T., Cole, G., & Reisig, M. (2013). American Corrections. (11th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

Our discussion post for this week will be a little different. Chapter 8 addresses the history and development of probation, the organization of probation today, the dual functions of probation: investigation and supervision, the effectiveness of supervision, revocation of termination and probation, and probation in the coming decade. For your discussion post this week, please click on the link below and watch the documentary “Free Meek.” Chronicling the life of Philadelphia based rap artist, Meek Mill, from his rise in music to his incarceration and eventual release from prison. This intimate documentary series follows Meek Mill’s transformation from chart-topping rapper to face of the battle for justice reform. After viewing the video please answer the following questions:

https://atlm.view.usg.edu/content/enforced/2109483-CO.610.CRJU4126.80112.20212/Free%20Meek%20Doc.html

Why is there so much interest in probation today? How does the use of probation affect the corrections system? Why is it used so extensively? How does the presentence investigation report affect accountability for the sentence that is imposed? How do you think investigation and supervisory functions of probation can be most effectively organized? Given the two major tasks of probation, how should officers spend their time? Why might some probationers be kept in the community after a technical violation rather than having their probation revoked?

The first deadline for posting is Tuesday October 13th by 11:59 pm and the second deadline for responding to your classmates is Thursday afternoon by 12:00 pm. When responding to a student’s post, be sure to use and address the following:

Authority

Community Justice

Judicial reprieve

Presentence Investigation

Punitive Conditions

Recidivism

Recognizance

Technical Violation

Victim Impact Statement

Your responses should reach beyond a simple “I agree with what you are saying.” Please use the following to begin your post:

“I learned from you that..”

“I appreciated how you explained….”

Our discussion post for this week will be a little different. Chapter 8 addresses the history and development of probation, the organization of probation today, the dual functions of probation: investigation and supervision, the effectiveness of supervision, revocation of termination and probation, and probation in the coming decade. For your discussion post this week, please click on the link below and watch the documentary “Free Meek.” Chronicling the life of Philadelphia based rap artist, Meek Mill, from his rise in music to his incarceration and eventual release from prison. This intimate documentary series follows Meek Mill’s transformation from chart-topping rapper to face of the battle for justice reform. After viewing the video please answer the following questions:

 

Why is there so much interest in probation today? How does the use of probation affect the corrections system? Why is it used so extensively? How does the presentence investigation report affect accountability for the sentence that is imposed? How do you think investigation and supervisory functions of probation can be most effectively organized? Given the two major tasks of probation, how should officers spend their time? Why might some probationers be kept in the community after a technical violation rather than having their probation revoked?

When responding to a student’s post, be sure to use and address the following:

 

Authority

 

Community Justice

 

Judicial reprieve

 

Presentence Investigation

 

Punitive Conditions

 

Recidivism

 

Recognizance

 

Technical Violation

 

Victim Impact Statement

 

Your responses should reach beyond a simple “I agree with what you are saying.” Please use the following to begin your post:

 

“I learned from you that..”

 

“I appreciated how you explained….”

First peer’s response:

There is so much interest in probation today because it serves as a sentencing option and it is a cheaper option for the corrections system. The use of probation has an effect on the correction system because the correction system does not have to spend the money it takes to take care of inmates such as food and medical expenses. The reason why probation is used so extensively is because it reduces the overcrowding problem that correction systems have now. Probation also keeps offenders away from other inmates that may be at risk of committing more crime. The presentence investigation helps the judge select an appropriate sentence and it helps with treatment planning and the parole decisions if the offender is granted parole. Because there is not any guidelines for sentencing, the judge has the discretion to weigh each case differently and sentencing can vary. Investigation and supervisory functions of probation can be most effectively organized by probation officers making sure that they properly prepare their investigation for the judge and establish supervising conditions that the offender will have to follow in order to avoid going to back court for a probation violation.

Officers should spend their time preparing presentence investigation because it is their responsibility to make sure that the judge views the correct information to make a sentence. The other major task that the officers will spend their time doing is supervising the offender once they have been placed on probation. The officer will come up goals for the offender to meet that are aligned with the conditions that have been set by the court. If the goals are met, the officer will start to plan termination of the probation. A probationer will be kept in the community after a technical violation rather than having their probation revoked if the violation that occurred did not pose a threat to the community. Some examples of technical violations that could occur that do not pose a threat to the community is the offender failing to attend a therapy session, changing location without permission from the probation officer or court, failing to return to their residence before curfew, and failing to report for weekly meetings with their probation officer.

 

 

Second peer’s response:

There is so much in probation today because out of nowhere new ideas begin sprouting. It’s as if new models of probation are being discovered and advanced. It affects the correction system in a very good way by saving money and it works well for the offender because they actually get better. Its used so extensively because its respected by political leaders as well as a few citizens.

It helps the court decide on an appropriate sentence. Thereafter, if a defendant is incarcerated, the Bureau of Prisons or State Department of Corrections will use information in the report to designate the institution where the offender will serve the sentence and determine the offender’s eligibility or need for specific correctional programs.

The investigation and supervisory functions of probation can be most effectively organized by utilizing the five part model in the best way possible. Mastering these five parts will work effectively. The judges in my area would be hesitant about my proposal because they would believe that individuals would not utilize the model effectively, but they will see individuals using it correctly and see the benefits and improvements in which they will be all for it. The department of corrections will be enthusiastic about the proposal and willing to give it a shot.

 

An officer should spend their time supervising the offenders and gaining their trust and respect in order to have an affective relationship with them. Probation officers actually spend their time enforcing their authority and power. Some probationers are kept in the community because sometimes the court waits for conviction on any new offenses before revoking probation, but if the offense is serious enough, probation is instantly revoked. Some probationers are kept in the community because sometimes the court waits for conviction on any new offenses before revoking probation, but if the offense is serious enough, probation is instantly revoked.

Intro To Criminology

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Please answer the following questions:

  1. Do you believe the term “criminal justice system” is an oxymoron? Why or why not?
  2. Identify a mala prohibita law(s) that exists in Florida which you believe should be decriminalized? Why?

classmate answered:

“I believe that criminal justice is an oxymoron, I believe that the criminal justice system is broken and cannot be fixed regardless of the efforts to reduce or eliminate crime. Many are conflicted with what is and whats supposed to be within the criminal justice system as to where the criminal justice system is supposed to help our society in ways there and pros and cons within the criminal justice system and some things cannot be fixed. I feel as though the criminal justice system can be better within the entire process and over the years it has gotten worse, and it should be more fair and reliable for individuals to actually think that they have a chance rather then being scared or even not knowing how their life would turn out once in the system. I believe that drunk driving should be decriminalized due to the fact that being drunk or sober there can be accidents that are caused. There any many more accidents happening on a daily basis due to technology  and not paying attention along with many other reasons that may cause accidents. Even though an individual may have consumed liquor an act of wrong doing still has not been done. One has not committed anything to act as if it is a crime to drink while driving. Drunk driving has increased over the years but so has normal accidents on a regular every day basis that are more deadly than drunk driving. Drunk driving is dangerous but there is far more things that are more dangerous than drunk driving. Just because an individual consumes liquor does not mean that they are drunk because they get behind the wheel and it does not mean that one may be drunk driving to put another ones life in danger or at risk. ”

Explain in 175 words why i disagree drunk driving should be decriminalized.

Make sure your replies are a thoughtful and relevant to what your classmate has posted. Try to build the discussion and keep it going.

Judicial Admin Final

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The final project for this course is the creation of a scenario analysis. Federal, state, and local judicial systems each have unique processes and require administration to effectively move cases through the systems. Players from each system interact in the administration of justice; therefore, it is important to understand how the systems work and engage with each other for efficient judicial administration. Understanding how judicial systems work is key for anyone looking to pursue a career within the courts. In this assessment, you will examine and evaluate the roles and processes of the systems, regardless of your position within the systems. Through analyzing a scenario, you will determine proper venue, jurisdiction, and litigation process, as well as make administrative decisions. You will also assume multiple perspectives in order to determine efficient and effective ways to move a case through the judicial process. The project is divided into two milestones, which will be submitted at various points throughout the course to scaffold learning and ensure quality final submissions. These milestones will be submitted in Modules Three and Five. The final product will be submitted in Module Seven. In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes:  Analyze venue and jurisdiction for their implications to different levels of government  Illustrate the various roles played in the judicial system for informing the development of effective administration strategies  Assess the function of calendars and dockets in the legal system for creating efficiency  Evaluate the civil and criminal litigation processes at different levels of government for their ability to efficiently carry out justice Prompt In this assessment, you will analyze and evaluate the following scenario from the perspectives of an attorney and a judge. You will address how this scenario would be handled by the judicial systems by creating a scenario analysis. Based on the scenario, examine how it would be tried within the judicial systems. Scenario Jed, Herman, and Jane live in Washington, D.C. Jed and Jane entered the local bank and took $65,000. Jed and Herman both used shotguns during the robbery, though no one was hurt. Jane drove the getaway vehicle. Two hours later, as they headed toward the Canadian border, they were stopped by the police for speeding and taken into custody. The police determined that Jed and Jane matched the eyewitness descriptions of the robbers. Jane confessed their bank robbery scheme. Jed and Herman denied their involvement. The police only recovered $25,000 in cash, but were unable to determine if the recovered money was taken from the bank. The police determined that Jed was a convicted felon at the time of the armed bank robbery. The local police and FBI were involved in the investigation. The defense attorneys for each defendant (Jed, Herman, Jane) request a continuance for four months to sift through the evidence. The prosecution objects and argues that the delay would significantly clog the court’s already heavy workload. In the alternative, the prosecution argues that if the court grants a continuance, then the prosecution should be allowed to prolong turning over the remaining discovery. The defense attorneys object and argue that this hinders their effective representation of their clients and would hinder a prompt resolution. The defense attorneys further argue that their clients deserve a well prepared and thorough defense. The judge currently has trials blocked over the next 10 months and wants to try the case now. Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed: I. Judicial Systems A. Describe the hierarchical structure for federal, state, and local court systems. What is the primary role of each level? B. Explain the primary differences between the federal and state levels of judicial systems. Describe the importance in having these different levels. C. Explain the subject matter jurisdiction for federal, state, and local courts. What impact does this have on the efficiency of court systems? D. Distinguish which court(s) would have jurisdiction in this scenario? Defend your response. E. Determine how venue is decided upon. What are the implications of venue? F. What would the venue be for this scenario? Defend why this venue is the most appropriate. G. Explain the applicable sentencing guidelines in the federal and state judicial systems for this scenario. Defend your response. H. Determine how sentencing guidelines impact the functionality of a court system. Defend your response. II. Judicial Administration A. Analyze how federal, state, and local courts calendar and docket cases. Are these processes effective in promoting efficiency? Defend your response. B. Describe how the calendaring and continuance of this scenario would be handled differently in the state system versus the federal system. Defend your response. C. Identify the key role within federal and state judicial systems that most impacts process. How does this role aid in creating and maintaining an efficient and effective judicial process? D. Describe the litigation process that would be used for this scenario at the state and federal levels. E. Explain the statute of limitations on charging and trying cases. Determine how statute of limitations could impact efficiency in the litigation process of this case. F. Determine the impact of venue on process efficiency in this scenario. Defend your response. G. Explain how a four-month continuance affects the efficiency of any court under the circumstances presented in the scenario. Defend your response. H. How would you balance the prosecutor and defense attorneys’ concerns regarding continuances in this scenario? Defend your response. I. Review the discovery laws in federal court. Determine if the prosecution’s requested discovery delay violates the federal laws. Defend your response. J. Would you grant the prosecution’s request (assuming that you granted the four-month continuance)? Defend your response. Milestones Milestone One: Draft of Judicial Systems In Module Three, you will submit a draft of the Judicial Systems section of your scenario analysis. Using your assigned reading and course materials, you will analyze the structure of the courts and the application of principles of jurisdiction and venue to the scenario provided. Your draft should be two to three pages in length. This milestone is graded with the Milestone One Rubric. Milestone Two: Draft of Judicial Administration In Module Five, you will submit a draft of the Judicial Administration section of your scenario analysis. Using your assigned reading and course materials, you will analyze the impact of judicial administration components— calendaring and docketing, and the roles of court staff and litigation participants. Your draft should be two to three pages in length. This milestone is graded with the Milestone Two Rubric. Final Submission: Scenario Analysis In Module Seven, you will submit your scenario analysis. It should be a complete, polished document containing all of the critical elements of the final product. It should reflect the incorporation of feedback gained throughout the course, as well as include the items that were omitted from your analyses in Milestone One and Milestone Two. The final submission will be graded using the Final Project Rubric. Final Project Rubric Guidelines for Submission: Your scenario analysis must be four to six pages in length with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and APA formatting.

Milestone 1

Courts Structure and Functioning

The U.S. judicial system uses courts –state and federal –to administer justice through hearing of cases and prosecution of law breakers. The powers, jurisdiction, and mandate of these courts differ. Notably, some cases are determined by federal courts while other are strictly handled by state courts. While federal courts prosecute cases concerning “laws and treaties of the U.S. ambassadors and public ministers, disputes between two or more states, admiralty/maritime law, and bankruptcy cases”, state courts “deal with family cases, contact cases, tort cases, and probate cases” (FindLaw, 2019).

Notably, both courts have broad authority to investigate and prosecute relevant jurisdictions. However, it is vital to note that federal courts are not restricted to prosecuting cases involving a specific state –meaning that they handle cases from the whole of United States. On the other hand, the power of state courts is limited to prosecution of “criminal acts committed within their boundaries” (ABA, 2019). In the scenario of bank robbery presented in this case, the three criminals –Jane, Herman, and Jed –will be prosecuted by the federal court under Federal Bank Robbery Act.

Considerably, there are a number of federal courts with which operate at different levels. The bank robbery involving the three suspects will be prosecuted at District Court. In this case, the issue of venue comes into place, that is, place where the lawsuit will be tried. The robbery incident took place in Washington and since district courts have a trail court in each state, this case will be tried in Washington. Once the ruling has been made, the defendants will have a room for file an appeal at one of the 13 appellate courts (U.S. Courts, 2019). However, it is important to understand that criminal law and practice apply equally to both federal and state prosecutions and constitution must be upheld.

References

ABA. (2019). How Courts Work. Retrieved from: < https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/resources/law_related_education_network/how_courts_work/jurisdiction/> [Accessed November 24 2019].

FindLaw. (2019). Federal vs. State Courts – Key Differences. Retrieved from: < https://litigation.findlaw.com/legal-system/federal-vs-state-courts-key-differences.html> [Accessed November 24 2019].

U.S. Courts. (2019). Court Role and Structure. Retrieved from: < https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-structure> [Accessed November 24 2019].

Milestone 2

Judicial Administration

Calendaring in federal, state, and local courts refers to the listing of cases and hearing to be held at a specific day, week, month and year. Calendars are revised often to avoid a collision because of the high number of pending cases which makes scheduling difficult. Dockets, on the other hand, are judicial records of the proceedings and filings in a given court case. It shows names of the people or parties involved in the case, the case number and the proceedings, the presiding judge assigned to that case, information to whether the case is pending or resolved, the documents submitted to the court and when the hearings will be held (David C. Steelman, 2012).

These two processes are effective to some extent in promoting efficiency by creating order in court. Without the two of them, judges cannot manage to attend to the many cases pending due to collision in venues, crush over more than a case at the same time. However, more time is taken because a case may be scheduled after so long due to many pending cases that may have been allocated close dates in the past.

The federal system operates under an individual calendar and deals with criminal cases and one judge handles a case from the beginning to the end. They have a specific person calendaring the cases and therefore they have control over the cases. They handle fewer cases and therefore in this case calendaring would be done on a short period of time and continuance would be given but also for a short period of time but it is given once when appropriate (SCHWEIGERT, 2012). On the other hand, the State system handles many cases and calendaring is very difficult. There are several judges handling a case and issuing a continuance would affect the scheduling significantly and unless the reason is justifiable to the court a continuance wouldn’t be issued. In this case, there are no justifiable reasons for a continuance because the witnesses are themselves (Bureau of International Information Programs, 2004).

The key role in Federal judicial systems involves the jurisdiction of cases involving violation of the US constitution, for example, laws or treaties of the United States, US ministers and ambassadors, state-to-state disputes, admiralty law, bankruptcy and also habeas corpus. State judicial system, on the other hand, handles cases involving violation of federal law such as criminal cases within the state, and other cases relating to contracts, tort, family issues and others of that nature (Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, 2019). Their role aids in creating an efficient and effective judicial system because all sectors of the constitution are well addressed because every system addresses specific concerns of the State (Find Law, 2019).

There are several factors that determine the venue of a case for example where the crime happened and where the suspects were found. A venue refers to the state where the suspect or the offender lives or where the accident happened. The venue for a federal case is heard in the District Court of the US in this scenario the US district court in Washington DC, and if the case will be handled by the state system the venue will be the nearest court close to the bank (American Bar Association, 2019). The impact of venue to this scenario, therefore, will depend on the laws violated depending on the status of the bank in insurance. Since the money was under FBI protection, the case will be heard at Washington DC at the district court which is more convenient for the proceedings.

Giving a four months continuance would affect the efficiency of the court because the judge handling the case is said to have blocked the trials for the next 10 months. The four months would delay the judicial system significantly. Since the case will be handled by the federal court, chances of getting continuance are minimal because the evidence available from one of them and no witnesses are required because they are witnesses of themselves.

References

Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . (2019). Comparing Federal & State Courts. Retrieved from Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts : https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-structure/comparing-federal-state-courts

American Bar Association. (2019, september 9). How Courts Work. Retrieved from American Bar Association: https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/resources/law_related_education_network/how_courts_work/jurisdiction/

Bureau of International Information Programs. (2004). U.S.LEGAL SYSTEM. Bureau of International Information Programs, 79.

David C. Steelman, E. F. (2012). CALENDARING AND CASE MANAGEMENT IN THE ANCHORAGE DISTRICT COUR. National Center for State Courts, 26-28.

Find Law. (2019). Federal vs. State Courts – Key Differences. Retrieved from Find Law: https://litigation.findlaw.com/legal-system/federal-vs-state-courts-key-differences.html

SCHWEIGERT, M. B. (2012, march 25). Federal courts run on individual calendar — would it work here? Retrieved from Lancaster Online: https://lancasteronline.com/news/federal-courts-run-on-individual-calendar—-would/article_d99a04fb-0c61-5694-8fd8-4de07b4ac5cd.html