December 2022 – Page 2312 – Homework Handlers

Sentencing Models And Goals

December 1, 2022/in Uncategorized /by SK

various sentences.

Below are two scenarios.

What type of sentencing model would you use to sentence the offenders?

What actual sentence would you impose (type and time)?

What are the goals of sentencing that are associated with your decision?

Please discuss both scenarios.

Do not use current sentencing strategies to determine your sentence. I want all students to discuss what they believe is appropriate.

Scenario #1

Sam Smith was convicted of a robbery of Wells Fargo Bank on 125th Street in North Miami. During his robbery he possessed and displayed a firearm but did not fire the gun. He took $100,000.00 from the bank. No one was injured as a result of the robbery. He has accepted responsibility for his actions. He has no previous criminal history.

Scenario #2

Maria Hernandez was convicted of sexual exploitation of a minor. She basically prostituted her 11 year old niece of whom she was the legal guardian. Maria made her niece have sexual relations with hundreds of men in the Homestead area. Maria has not accepted responsibility and she does not believe that she did anything wrong. Maria does not have a criminal history.

Post/Reply Requirements

Make sure you use proper grammar and cite any resources utilized.

400 words minimum.

Do not plagiarize .

Chapter 3 Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform?

Learning Objectives

q  Describe sentencing philosophy and identify the central purpose of criminal punishment

q  Name the seven goals of criminal sentencing

q  List and explain the sentencing options in general use today

Learning Objectives

q  Explain what a model of criminal sentencing is and identify models in use today

q  Describe three-strikes laws and their impact on the correctional system

q  Identify and explain some major issues related to fair sentencing

Sentencing

q  Imposition of a criminal sanction by a sentencing authority

q  Sentence: Penalty a court imposes on a person convicted of a rime

q  Social order: Smooth functioning of social institutions, positive relations among individual members of society, and orderly functioning of society as a whole

Goals of Sentencing

q  Revenge: Punishment as vengeance q  Emotional response to real or imagined injury or insult

q  Retribution: Retaliation against a criminal perpetrator q  Belief that victims are entitled to reprisal

q  Just deserts: Punishment deserved q  Offenders are morally blameworthy and hence deserving of punishment

Goals of Sentencing

q  Deterrence: Discouragement or prevention of crimes through the fear of punishment q  Specific deterrence: Deterrence of the individual being punished from additional crimes

q  General deterrence: Use of the example of individual punishment to dissuade others from committing crimes

Goals of Sentencing q  Pleasure-pain principle: Idea that actions are motivated primarily by a desire to experience pleasure and avoid pain

q  Incapacitation: Use of imprisonment or other means to reduce an offender’s capability to commit future offenses q  Correctional econometrics: Study of the cost- effectiveness of correctional programs and related reductions in the rate of crime

Goals of Sentencing

q  Rehabilitation: Changing of criminal lifestyles into law-abiding ones q  Involves correction of behavior through treatment, education, and training

q  Reintegration: Process of making the offender a productive member of the community

Goals of Sentencing

q  Restoration: Process of returning to their previous condition all those involved in or affected by crime q  Restorative justice: Systematic response to wrongdoing that emphasizes healing the wounds of victims, offenders, and communities caused or revealed by crime

q  Victim-impact statement: Description of the suffering that a crime has caused victims

Restorative Justice or Community Justice Programs Vic$m– offender media$on

Vic$m– offender

reconcilia$on

Vic$m-‐impact panels

Restora$ve jus$ce panels

Community repara$ve boards

Community-‐ based courts

Family group conferences

Circle sentencing

Court diversion programs

Peer media$on

Sentencing Options

q  Fines or other monetary sanctions q  Probation q  Alternative or intermediate sanctions q  Incarceration q  Death Penalty q  Restitution: Payments made to the victim by a criminal offender, as compensation for the harm caused

Types of Sentences

q  Mandatory sentences: Sentences required by law under certain circumstances

q  Presentence report (PSR): Provides a social and personal history and an evaluation of a defendant q  Helps the court in determining a sentence q  Prepared by a court’s probation department

Types of Sentences

q  Consecutive sentences: Sentences served one after the other q  Imposed when a person is convicted of multiple offenses

q  Concurrent sentences: Sentences served simultaneously

Sentencing Models

q  Model of criminal sentencing: Strategy or system for imposing criminal sanctions

q  Flat sentences: Specify an amount of time to be served in custody and do not allow variation from the time specified

Sentencing Models q  Indeterminate sentence: Judge specifies a maximum and minimum length of time, and parole board determines the actual time of release q  Good time: Amount of time prison authorities deduct from a sentence for good behavior or other reasons

q  Determinate sentence: Sentence of a fixed term of incarceration q  Can be reduced by good time

Guideline Sentencing

q  Voluntary/advisory sentencing guidelines q  Not required by law q  Based on past sentencing practices

Guideline Sentencing

q  Presumptive sentencing guidelines q  Developed by a sentencing commission

q  Sentencing commission: Create a schedule of sentences that reflect the gravity of the offenses committed and the prior record of the offender

q  Guidelines are explicit, highly structured, and are mandatory

Federal Sentencing Guidelines

q  Take into account: q  Defendant’s criminal history q  Nature of the criminal conduct q  Particular circumstances surrounding the offense

q  Federal trial judges must follow the guidelines in their sentencing decisions

Sentencing Enhancements

q  Legislatively approved provisions that mandate longer prison terms: q  For specific criminal offenses committed under certain circumstances

q  Because of the offender’s past criminal record

Federal Fair Sentencing Act q  Reduced disparity in the amounts of powder cocaine and crack cocaine stated by the federal sentencing guidelines

q  Eliminated mandatory minimum sentence for simple possession of crack cocaine

q  First conviction for simple possession of crack cocaine is subjeimprisonmentct to a penalty of zero to one year of q  Regardless of quantity

Mandatory Minimum Sentencing

q  Imposition of sentences required by statute for those: q  Convicted of a particular crime q  Convicted of a particular crime under special circumstances

q  With a particular type of criminal history

Mandatory Minimum Sentencing

q  Three-strikes laws – Sentence enhancements used to: q  Deter known and potentially violent offenders

q  Incapacitate persistent criminals q  Goals of mandatory sentencing are deterrence and incapacitation

q  Has had an impact on crime and the operations of the criminal justice system

Habitual Offender Statute

q  Allows a person’s criminal history to be considered at sentencing

q  Makes it possible for a person previously convicted of another specified offense to receive a more severe penalty than that for the current offense alone

Three-Strikes Models: Differences in Washington and California Laws

Washington Law

•  All three strikes must be for

felonies specifically listed in the

legisla$on

•  No two-‐strikes provision

•  Third-‐striker gets a life term in

prison without the possibility of

parole

California Law

•  Only the first two convic$ons

need to be from the state’s list of

strikeable crimes

•  Contains a two-‐strikes provision

•  Third-‐striker has at least the

possibility of being released aKer

25 years

Impact of Three-Strikes Laws on Local Courts and Jails

q  High populations in jails due to: q  Defendants facing enhanced penalties demanding jury trials

q  Added time to process cases through trials q  Courts’ reluctance to grant pretrial release to defendants facing long prison terms

q  In recent times, counties have been effectively disposing of two- and three- strikes cases early in the process

Impact of Three-Strikes Laws on Local Courts and Jails

q  Increase costs q  Funnel increasingly older persons into correctional institutions

q  Solution – Realignment q  Reduces state expenditures on correctional clients

The Current Applicability of Three-Strikes Laws and Habitual Offender Statutes

q  Budgetary shortfalls in the correctional systems have led some states to: q  Use habitual offender statutes less frequently q  Release repeat offenders early q  Release nonviolent and relatively minor drug offenders

Fair Sentencing

Sentencing prac$ces that incorporate fairness for both vic$ms and offenders

Issues in Sentencing

•  Severity of punishment should match the seriousness of the crime Propor$onality

•  Similar crimes and offenders should be treated alike Equity

•  Severity of punishment should take into account the offender’s prior criminal behavior

Social debt

•  Requires offenders to serve a substan$al por$on of their sentence •  Reduces the discrepancy between sentence imposed and actual $me spent in prison

Truth in sentencing

Broader Issues

q  Guideline-based determinate sentencing and restorative justice are inherently at odds with one another

q  Solution q  Seeking greater community involvement in the development of sentencing guidelines

q  Creation of a hybrid system of restorative sentencing guidelines

CJ490: Unit 10 Research Methods in Criminal Justice

December 1, 2022/in Uncategorized /by SK

CJ490: Research Methods in Criminal Justice

Unit 10 Worksheet

Student Name: _______________________________________________________

Using the DeFronzo research study, break down the study into its corresponding research components. Answer each the following six questions below based on each separate research component. You answers should be 200-350 words each. Cite your work using APA as needed. Provide your full source references at the end of worksheet.

1. Identify the research purpose of this study. What is the central research question being addressed?

2. Identify the independent variable(s). Identify the dependent variable(s). Identify any additional control variable(s).

3. Identify the general population of subjects being used. Based on this population, what sampling strategy did DeFronzo employ? Identify the sampling technique and describe the resulting sample of subjects (people, places, or things) analyzed in the study.

4. Identify the research design used. Explain why this particular design was utilized in comparison to other possible designs.

5. Identify the data collection methods used in this study to measure the variables.

6. Assess the validity and reliability of this research study based on the research components

Investigative Conclusion and Testimony

December 1, 2022/in Uncategorized /by SK

FINAL PROJECT – Investigative Conclusion and Testimony

No directly quoted material may be used in this project paper.
Resources should be summarized or paraphrased with appropriate in-text and Resource page citations.

***Read the parts of each section of this project carefully as you are being asked to answer questions assuming different roles for different questions.

SECTION I

In the course of this investigation you, as the Information Security Analyst for Provincial Worldwide, have or will need to interview (or perhaps “interrogate”) several people to provide context for the evidence you have collected as well as the rational for your searches. Ms. McPherson and Provincial Worldwide management are asking for everything to be documented and would like you to provide them responses to the following pieces of information:

Provide a list of people you believe should be interviewed for this investigation and how they relate to the investigation. What information could they possibly supply?
Provide a narrative description of the interview setting and the intended process, before, during, and following the interview (remember that depending on the type of interview, the setting may be different).
Explain to the management why these stages are important to a successful interview and investigation.

SECTION II

For the purpose of the first part of this Section, you are still the Information Security Analyst for the company. Consider this project a continuation of the work you performed in Projects #1 and #2.

After seeing you search Mr. Belcamp’s work area and take several pieces of evidence, Ms. Victoria Evans who works in the office across the hall, comes forward with an odd story. Ms. Evans states that she is Mr. Belcamp’s girlfriend, but lately things in their relationship had begun to sour. She produces a thumb drive she says Mr. Belcamp gave her earlier that day. She tells you Mr. Belcamp told her to “keep it safe” and asked her to take it home with her at the end of the day. Ms. Evans tells you she really likes her job at Provincial Worldwide and has no interest in being wrapped up in whatever Mr. Belcamp has done to invite negative attention.

1. The laboratory has asked you to write a short summary of what information you want them to look for on the submitted thumb drive. Identify, for the lab, what digital or non-digital evidence you would like them to look for and explain why that evidence would be important to the case.

2. Because you are the most familiar with the investigation, Ms. McPherson is asking you to brain storm all the locations outside of Mr. Belcamp’s immediate work space where pertinent digital evidence might be found to help with your case. Identify all of these locations, including places where police would have to be involved to search. Identify what places are legal for the company to search, and which ones would require police involvement. Support your inclusion of each location with a short description of what type of evidence might be found there.

Now, please assume a different character for the purpose of this next segment of the assessment… You are a forensic examiner at the above mentioned Provincial Worldwide lab. Mr. Stephen Bishop, a newly promoted Regional Security Operations Manager, sent an email to Ms. McPherson who has forwarded it to respond.

3. Write a response to the following email that you have received:

To: You, Provincial Worldwide, Digital Forensics Examiner

From: Ms. Carol McPherson

This case has made Provincial Worldwide upper management recognize the importance of forensic readiness. They have asked that you nominate three (3) forensic examination/analysis (software) tools for them to keep in their budget for the following year. They also state that they want to make sure that the tools nominated are ones that would meet criminal justice-level standards and evidentiary requirements under the Daubert Standard. Please construct a table (chart) that identifies the tool name and their manufacturer, and the capabilities of the tools. Since these tools must meet the Daubert standard, please provide an explanation of how the three tools meet the standards of Daubert. (Management specifically wants tools that can examine/analyze the digital data inside the devices and is not interested in your input on additional tools that write protect or image devices at this time.)

After receiving the package from the Data Security Analyst in the field, you sign the chain of custody form and get set to begin your examination.

4. After taking the thumb drive out of storage, you, as the digital forensics analyst, sit down to examine the data. (Presume all personal protective equipment discussed in the course readings is already in place.) Prior to looking through the data contained on the device, you have to make a forensic image. Document what step you take prior to making the image and why this step is important to your overall case. Explain your actions and reasoning thoroughly.

Fortunately, the Information Security Analyst was on his/her game, and ALSO sent you copies of several files, reported to be the source code of “Product X”.

5. You, as the digital forensics examiner, used hash values to help locate the source code on the thumb drive. Using verbiage that would be appropriate to communicate to a judge and jury that may not understand computer technology at all, detail and explain the following:

• What is a hash value, and how did you use it to identify the source code was present?

• Explain an additional use of hash values in the context of digital forensics.

You complete your laboratory examination and return the evidence, with your report, back to the Information Security Analyst at the field office.

Now, reverting back to your role as the Information Security Analyst back at the field office (a.k.a., you), you receive the report from the Lab which shows that the complete “Product X” source code was found on Mr. Belcamp’s thumb drive. In addition, while the evidence was at the lab for examination, you determined it is also likely that Mr. Belcamp emailed copies of the source code to his personal email address.

6. Do you recommend reporting the crime to law enforcement? Why or why not? Are private companies required to report crimes to law enforcement?

7. Explain what additional steps you could take to prove that the source code had been sent to his personal email address.

The decision is ultimately made to report the theft to law enforcement and, using primarily the evidence that you developed during your investigation, Mr. Belcamp is brought to trial for the crime. You (now as the forensic examiner from the Lab) are qualified as an expert witness at the trial and called to testify.

8. What is the significance of you being qualified as an expert witness? How is it different from being a simple fact witness? Explain thoroughly.

9. Mr. Belcamp’s attorney in this case calls you to the stand and brings up the fact that you write a personal blog about digital forensics in your off-time, from which it appears you are a staunch supporter of law enforcement. She believes you are biased in support of law enforcement and that you only had your company’s bottom line in mind. The company’s attorney however, prepared you for these types of questions and had you prepare for trial by practicing answering the following questions – respond to Mr. Belcamp’s attorney by typing up a transcript for your response (You may use first-person grammar, I, me, my, etc., in your response for this question).

“How do we know you are not biased in this case, choosing to report only what would help law enforcement and your company’s bottom-line? How can we know from your work that your analysis should be accepted by the court?”

Project Requirements:

• Each question should be answered thoroughly looking at all the issues presented, so do your research, be specific, be detailed, and demonstrate your knowledge; submitting your project through the appropriate assignment folder.

• This project should be submitted in a single Microsoft Word document (.DOC/.DOCX), with answers separated and/or numbered in respect to the question, so as to make it clear which question is being answered. It may be in a question and answer format, or as described with answers to the associated question numbers;

• The paper should be written in third-person grammar, not first person (which means – I, me, myself, etc.); except for question nine (9).

• The submission is to have a cover page that includes course number, course title, title of paper, student’s name, and the date of submission per APA writing format;

• Format: 12-point font, double-space, one-inch margins;

• It is mandatory that you do some research, and utilize outside resources! You must have a reference page at the end of your project that is consistent with APA citation style and format (see https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ for help).

Criminal Justice Administrator Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs 3 Page Essay

December 1, 2022/in Uncategorized /by SK

Due Tuesday May 5, 2020

By 12 Noon PST

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is just one of several motivational theories discussed in this unit. It is a foundational concept in the role of a criminal justice administrator, whether in law enforcement, corrections, or courts.

For this assignment, you will examine Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Each of the levels in the hierarchy of needs must be examined in detail as it relates to administration and personnel. Make certain that your essay meets the criteria below. SafeAssign will be used to check for plagiarism.

First, create an introduction.

Then, explain how a criminal justice administrator could apply Maslow’s model in each of the leadership theories (trait, style, and situational leadership). Give an example from each of the three criminal justice sectors (law enforcement, corrections, and courts) to support your explanation.

Briefly identify one other motivational theory that can also be applied in all three criminal justice sectors. Give an example of how it could be used in each.

Discuss how the application of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs contributes to effective communication in a criminal justice organization.

Give an example from each of the three criminal justice sectors (law enforcement, corrections, and courts) to support your discussion.

Finally, analyze the connection between Maslow’s beliefs and how they relate to an administrator’s requirement to be aware of and respect the rights of employees. Give an example from each of the three criminal justice sectors (law enforcement, corrections, and courts) to support your analysis.

Your essay must be a minimum of three (3) pages in length, not counting the title page and references page. You are required to use at least two sources to support your essay. All sources used must be properly cited. Your essay, including all references, will be formatted in APA Style.

SafeAssign will be used to check for plagiarism

Sentencing Models And Goals

Scenario #1

Scenario #2

CJ490: Unit 10 Research Methods in Criminal Justice

Investigative Conclusion and Testimony

Criminal Justice Administrator Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs 3 Page Essay

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