Hi,
– Will be using Turn It in, Must be 100% original work.
– 5 pages, double-spaced, follow outline below, add table of contents (6th page)
– $20 offers only, all other will be rejected.
——————————————————————————————–
You will write a 5-page short article on the failure of healthcare.gov initial launch from the Systems Analysis and Design perspective (e.g. take a look at the table of contents of the text book. Essentially you can address its failure for each chapter in the text book. You need to identify the most significant causes of its failure.)
Outline:
(1) Overview
Tell us some background of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and its mandates
(2) Identify the scope. highlight the main points.
(3) Vendor selection How the general contractor was selected?
(4) Development Strategies, Architecture, Testing, and Deployment Issues What strategies did they pick? Who are “they”?
(5) Early Warning Signs of Failure – Where was the Management “The Emperor’s new clothes”?
(6) Lesson Learned and Concluding Remarks List 3 major causes you identified above that are fatal errors.
Here are some resources to get you started, try to utilize them. Otherwise, use credible sources!
book: attached.
http://www.cio.com/article/2380827/developer/developer-6-software-development-lessons-fromhealthcare-gov-s-failed-launch.html
https://www.theverge.com/us-world/2013/12/3/5163228/healthcare-gov-obamacare-website-shows-how-government-can-do-tech-better
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-10-16/why-the-obamacare-website-was-destined-to-bomb
1 – Office of Inspector General, HealthCare.gov: CMS management of the federal marketplace: a case study, Available at: https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-06-14-00350.pdf [Accessed November 18, 2016].
2 – Goldstein, A., 2016. HHS failed to heed many warnings that HealthCare.gov was in trouble. Washington Post. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/hhs-failed-to-heed-many-warnings-that-healthcaregov-was-in-trouble/2016/02/22/dd344e7c-d67e-11e5-9823-02b905009f99_story.html [Accessed November 18, 2016].
3 – Healthcare.gov. Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare.gov [Accessed November 18, 2016].
4 – Johnson, C. & Reed, H., 2013. Why the Government Never Gets Tech Right. The New York Times. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/25/opinion/getting-to-the-bottom-of-healthcaregovs-flop.html [Accessed November 18, 2016].
https://oig.hhs.gov/testimony/docs/2016/bliss-testimony-032016.pdf
https://search.proquest.com/docview/1708019028?pq-origsite=gscholar
Systems Analysis and Design Eighth Edition: Video Enhanced
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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
Eighth Edition: Video Enhanced
Gary B. Shelly Harry J. Rosenblatt
A u s t r a l i a • B r a z i l • J a p a n • K o r e a • M e x i c o • S i n g a p o r e • S p a i n • U n i t e d K i n g d o m • U n i t e d S t a t e s
Shelly Cashman Series®
An imprint of Course Technology, Cengage Learning
Systems Analysis and Design, Eighth Edition: Video Enhanced Gary B. Shelly Harry J. Rosenblatt
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BRIEF CONTENTS PHASE 1: SYSTEMS PLANNING 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design 2
Chapter 2 Analyzing the Business Case 48
Chapter 3 Managing Systems Projects 96
PHASE 2: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 135
Chapter 4 Requirements Modeling 136
Chapter 5 Data and Process Modeling 196
Chapter 6 Object Modeling 246
Chapter 7 Development Strategies 282
PHASE 3: SYSTEMS DESIGN 331
Chapter 8 Output and User Interface Design 332
Chapter 9 Data Design 386
Chapter 10 System Architecture 446
PHASE 4: SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION 497
Chapter 11 Managing Systems Implementation 498
PHASE 5: SYSTEMS SUPPORT AND SECURITY 555
Chapter 12 Managing Systems Support and Security 556
THE SYSTEMS ANALYST’S TOOLKIT 613
Toolkit 1 Communication Tools 614 Toolkit 2 CASE Tools 632 Toolkit 3 Financial Analysis Tools 654 Toolkit 4 Internet Resource Tools 674
Glossary/Index 703
Photo Credits 732
iii
iv
PHASE 1: SYSTEMS PLANNING
Objectives 2
Introduction 2
The Impact of Information Technology 4 The Future of IT 4 The Role of Systems Analysis and Design 4 Who Develops Information Systems? 5
Information System Components 5 Hardware 6 Software 6 Data 7 Processes 7 People 7
Understanding the Business 8 Business Profile 8 Business Models 8 New Kinds of Companies 9
Case in Point 1.1: Cloud Nine Financial Advisors 9
Impact of the Internet 9 B2C (Business-to-Consumer) 10 B2B (Business-to-Business) 10 Web-Based System Development 11
How Business Uses Information Systems 12 Enterprise Computing Systems 12 Transaction Processing Systems 12 Business Support Systems 13 Knowledge Management Systems 14 User Productivity Systems 14 Information Systems Integration 14
Information System Users and Their Needs 15 Top Managers 15 Middle Managers and Knowledge Workers 15 Supervisors and Team Leaders 16 Operational Employees 16
Systems D evelopment Tools 16 Modeling 16 Prototyping 17 Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE) Tools 17
Overview of Systems Development Methods 18 Structured Analysis 19 Object-Oriented Analysis 21 Agile Methods 22 Other Development Methods 24
Systems Development Guidelines 25 Develop a Project Plan 25 Involve Users and Listen Carefully to Them 25 Use Project Management Tools to Identify Tasks and Milestones 25 Develop Accurate Cost and Benefit Information 26 Remain Flexible 26
Information Technology Department 26 Application Development 26
Case In Point 1.2: Global Hotels and Momma’s Motels 27 Systems Support and Security 27
User Support 27 Database Administration 27 Network Administration 28 Web Support 28 Quality Assurance (QA) 28
Case In Point 1.3: What Should Lisa Do? 28
The Systems Analyst Position 28 Responsibilities 29 Required Skills and Background 29 Certification 29 Career Opportunities 30
Case In Point 1.4: Just-in-Time Airfreight, Inc. 31
A Question of Ethics 31
Chapter Summary 30
Key Terms and Phrases 34
Learn It Online 35
Case-Sim: SCR Associates 36
Chapter Exercises 37
Apply Your Knowledge 38
Case Studies 40 New Century Health Clinic 40 Personal Trainer, Inc. 41 Original Kayak Adventures 42
Chapter Capstone Case: SoftWear, Limited 44
Objectives 48
Introduction 48
Strategic Planning — A Framework for IT Systems Development 50 Strategic Planning Overview 50 From Strategic Plans to Business Results 51
Case in Point 2.1: Lo Carb Meals 53 A CASE Tool Example 53 The Role of the IT Department in Project Evaluation 53 The Future 54
Case in Point 2.2: Attaway Airlines, Part One 55
What is a Business Case? 55
Information Systems Projects 56 Main Reasons for Systems Projects 56
Case in Point 2.3: Trent College 58 Factors that Affect Systems Projects 58 Internal Factors 59 External Factors 59 Project Management 61
Evaluation of Systems Requests 62 Systems Request Forms 62 Systems Review Committee 63
Overview of Feasibility 63 Operational Feasibility 64 Technical Feasibility 64 Economic Feasibility 65 Schedule Feasibility 66
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design
Chapter 2 Analyzing the Business Case
Table of Contents
Evaluating Feasibility 66
Setting Priorities 66 Factors that Affect Priority 67 Discretionary and Nondiscretionary Projects 67
Case in Point 2.4: Attaway Airlines, Part Two 68
Preliminary Investigation Overview 68 Interaction with Managers and Users 68 Planning the Preliminary Investigation 69 Step 1: Understand the Problem or Opportunity 70 Step 2: Define the Project Scope and Constraints 71 Step 3: Perform Fact-Finding 73 Step 4:Analyze Project Usability, Cost, Benefit, and Schedule Data 74 Step 5: Evaluate Feasibility 75 Step 6: Present Results and Recommendations to Management 76
A Question of Ethics 77
Chapter Summary 77
Key Terms and Phrases 78
Learn It Online 79
Case-Sim: SCR Associates 80
Chapter Exercises 81
Apply Your Kno wledge 82
Case Studies 84 New Century Health Clinic 84 Personal Trainer, Inc. 84 Original Kayak Adventures 85 Town of Eden Bay 86
Chapter Capstone Case: SoftWear, Limited 88
Objectives 96
Introduction 96
Project Management Overview 98
Case in Point 3.1: Spring Forward Products 99
Project Planning 99 Identifying Tasks 100
Case in Point 3.2: Parallel Services 101 Estimating Task Completion Time and Cost 101 Factors Affecting Time and Cost Estimates 102
Case in Point 3.3: Sunrise Software 103
Project Scheduling 103
Gantt Charts 104
PERT/CPM Charts 105 PERT/CPM Tasks 106 Task Patterns 106 Complex Task Pa tterns 107 A PERT/CPM Example with Five Tasks 108 Critical Path 109 Transforming a Task List into a PERT/CPM Chart 110 Comparing Gantt Charts and PERT/CPM Charts 111
Project Risk Management 112 Steps in Risk Management 112 Risk Management Software Tools 113
Project Monitoring and Control 113 Monitoring and Control Techniques 113 Maintaining a Schedule 114
Project Reporting 114 Project Status Meetings 115 Project Status Reports 115
Project Management Software 115 Project Management Software Examples 116 A Sample Project Using Microsoft Project and Open Workbench 116
Case in Point 3.4: Census 2010 119
Software Change Control 119
Keys To Project Success 120 Business Issues 120 Budget Issues 120 Schedule Issues 121 Successful Project Management 121
A Question of Ethics 122
Chapter Summary 122
Key Terms and Phrases 124
Learn It Online 125
Case-Sim: SCR Associates 126
Chapter Exercises 127
Apply Your Knowledge 128
Case Studies 130 New Century Health Clinic 130 Personal Trainer, Inc. 130
Chapter Capstone Case: SoftWear, Limited 132
PHASE 2: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
Objectives 136
Introduction 136
Systems Analysis Phase Overview 138 Systems Analysis Activities 138 Systems Analysis Sk ills 139 Team-Based Techniques: JAD, RAD, and Agile Methods 139
Joint Application Development 139 User Involvement 140 JAD Participants and Roles 140 JAD Advantages and Disadvantages 141
Rapid Application Development 141 RAD Phases and Activities 142 RAD Objectives 143 RAD Advantages and Disadvantages 143
Agile Methods 143 Agile Method Advantages and Disadvantages 145
Case in Point 4.1: North Hills College 146
Modeling Tools and Techniques 146 CASE Tools 146 Functional Decomposition Diagrams 146 Data Flow Diagrams 147 Unified Modeling Language 147
System Requirements Checklist 149 Output Examples 149 Input Examples 150 Process Examples 150 Performance Examples 150 Control Examples 150
v
Chapter 3 Managing Systems Projects
Chapter 4 Requirements Modeling
vi
Future Growth, Costs, and Benefits 151 Scalability 151 Total Cost of Ownership 151
Fact-Finding 152 Fact-Finding Overview 152 Who,What,Where,When, How, and Why? 153 The Zachman Framework 154
Interviews 155 Step 1: Determine the People to Interview 155 Step 2: Establish Objectives for the Interview 155 Step 3: Develop Interview Questions 156 Step 4: Prepare for the Interview 157 Step 5: Conduct the Interview 158 Step 6: Document the Interview 158 Step 7: Evaluate the Interview 159
Case in Point 4.2: Deep River College 159 Unsuccessful Interviews 159
Case in Point 4.3: FastPak Overnight Package System 160
Other Fact-Finding Techniques 160 Document Review 160 Observation 160 Questionnaires and Surveys 162 Sampling 163 Research 164 Interviews versus Questionnaires 165
Case in Point 4.4: CyberStuff 166
Documentation 166 The Need for Recording the Facts 166 Software Tools 166
Preview of Logical Modeling 171
A Question of Ethics 171
Chapter Summary 171
Key Terms and Phrases 173
Learn It Online 174
Case-Sim: SCR Associates 175
Chapter Exercises 176
Apply Your Kno wledge 177
Case Studies 179 New Century Health Clinic 179 Personal Trainer, Inc. 180 Baxter Community College 181 Town of Eden Bay 181
Chapter Capstone Case: SoftWear, Limited 182
Objectives 196
Introduction 196
Overview of Data and Process Modeling Tools 198
Data Flow Diagrams 198 DFD Symbols 198
Creating a Set of DFDs 204 Guidelines for Drawing DFDs 204 Step 1: Draw a Context Diagram 205 Step 2: Draw a Diagram 0 DFD 207 Step 3: Draw the Lower-Level Diagrams 210
Case in Point 5.1: Big Ten University 215
Data Dictionary 215 Using CASE Tools for Documentation 216 Documenting the Data Elements 216 Documenting the Data Flows 218 Documenting the Data Stores 219 Documenting the Processes 220 Documenting the Entities 221 Documenting the Records 221 Data Dictionary Reports 221
Process Description Tools 222 Modular Design 222 Structured English 223 Decision Tables 224
Case in Point 5.2: Rock Solid Outfitters (Part 1) 226 Decision Trees 226
Case in Point 5.3: Rock Solid Outfitters (Part 2) 227
Logical Versus Physical Models 227 Sequence of Models 227 Four-Model Approach 228
Case in Point 5.4: Tip Top Staffing 228
A Question of Ethics 228
Chapter Summary 229
Key Terms and Phrases 230
Learn It Online 231
Case-Sim: SCR Associates 232
Chapter Exercises 233
Apply Your Knowledge 234
Case Studies 236 New Century Health Clinic 236 Personal Trainer, Inc. 237
Chapter Capstone Case: SoftWear, Limited 238
Objectives 246
Introduction 246
Overview of Object-Oriented Analysis 248 Object-Oriented Terms and Concepts 248 Objects 249 Attributes 251 Methods 252 Messages 253 Classes 254
Relationships Among Objects and Classes 256 Object Relationship Diagram 256
Object Modeling with the Unified Modeling Language 257 Use Case Modeling 257
Case in Point 6.1: Hilltop Motors 259 Use Case Diagrams 259 Class Diagrams 260
Case in Point 6.2: Train the Trainer, Inc. 262 Sequence Diagrams 262 State Transition Diagrams 263 Activity Diagrams 264
Table of Contents
Chapter 5 Data and Process Modeling
Chapter 6 Object Modeling
Table of Contents
Case in Point 6.3: TravelBiz 264 CASE Tools 264
Organizing the Object Model 265
Case in Point 6.4: Cyber Associates 265
A Question of Ethics 265
Chapter Summary 266
Key Terms and Phrases 267
Learn It Online 268
Case-Sim: SCR Associates 269
Chapter Exercises 270
Apply Your Kno wledge 271
Case Studies 273 New Century Health Clinic 273 Personal Trainer, Inc. 273
Chapter Capstone Case: SoftWear, Limited 274
Objectives 282
Introduction 282
Development Strategies Overview 284
The Impact of the Internet 284 Software as a Service 284 Traditional vs.Web-Based Systems Development 285 Looking to the Future:Web 2.0 and Cloud Computing 287
Outsourcing 288 The Growth of Outsourcing 288 Outsourcing Fees 289 Outsourcing Issues and Concerns 289 Offshore Outsourcing 290
Case in Point 7.1: Turnkey Services 291
In-House Software Development Options 291 Make or Buy Decision 291 Developing Software In-House 292 Purchasing a Software Package 293 Customizing a Software Package 294 Creating User Applications 295
Role of the Systems Analyst 296
Analyzing Cost and Benefits 297 Financial Analysis Tools 297
Case in Point 7.2: Sterling Associates 297 Cost-Benefit Analysis Checklist 298
The Software Acquisition Process 299 Step 1: Evaluate the Information System Requirements 299 Step 2: Identify Potential Vendors or Outsourcing Options 302 Step 3: Evaluate the Alternatives 304 Step 4: Perform Cost-Benefit Analysis 305 Step 5: Prepare a Recommendation 305 Step 6: Implement the Solution 306
Case in Point 7.3: Doug’s Sporting Goods 306
Completion of Systems Analysis Tasks 307 System Requirements Document 307 Presentation to Management 307
The Transition to Systems Design 308 Preparing for Systems Design Tasks 308 The Relationship Between Logical and Physical Design 309
Systems Design Guidelines 309 Systems Design Objectives 310
Case in Point 7.4: Downtown! 312 Design Trade-Offs 313
Prototyping 314 Prototyping Methods 314 Prototyping Tools 315 Limitations of Prototypes 316
Software Development Trends 316
A Question of Ethics 317
Chapter Summary 318
Key Terms and Phrases 320
Learn It Online 321
Case-Sim: SCR Associates 322
Chapter Exercises 323
Apply Your Knowledge 324
Case Studies 326 New Century Health Clinic 326 Personal Trainer, Inc. 327 Cutting Edge 328
Chapter Capstone Case: SoftWear, Limited 329
PHASE 3: SYSTEMS DESIGN
Objectives 332
Introduction 332
Output Design 334 Types of Output 334
Printed and Screen Output 337 Overview of Report Design 337 Types of Reports 338 User Involvement in Report Design 340 Report Design Principles 341 Report Design Example 343
Case in Point 8.1: Lazy Eddie 344 Output Control and Security 345
User Interface Design 346 Evolution of the User Interface 346 Human-Computer Interaction 348
Case in Point 8.2: Casual Observer Software 350 Basic Principles of User-Centered Design 351 Guidelines for User Interface Design 352 User Interface Controls 358
Case in Point 8.3: Trustworthy Insurance Company 360
Input Design 360 Input and Data Entry Methods 360 Input Volume 362 Designing Data Entry Screens 363 Input Errors 365 Source Documents 366 Input Control 368
Case in Point 8.4: Boolean Toys 369
A Question of Ethics 369
Chapter Summary 369
vii
Chapter 7 Development Strategies
Chapter 8 Output and User Interface Design
viii
Key Terms and Phrases 371
Learn It Online 372
Case-Sim: SCR Associates 373
Chapter Exercises 374
Apply Your Kno wledge 375
Case Studies 377 New Century Health Clinic 377 Personal Trainer, Inc. 377 Video Superstore 378
Chapter Capstone Case: SoftWear, Limited 379
Objectives 386
Introduction 386
Data Design Concepts 388 Data Structures 388 Overview of File Processing 389 The Evolution from File Systems to Database Systems 390
DBMS Components 392 Interfaces for Users, Database Administrators, and
Related Systems 392 Data Manipulation Language 393 Schema 393 Physical Data Repository 394
Web-Based Database Design 394 Characteristics of Web-Based Design 395 Internet Terminology 395 Connecting a Database to the Web 396 Data Security 397
Data D esign Terminology 397 Definitions 397 Key Fields 398 Referential Integrity 400
Entity-Relationship Diagrams 401 Drawing an ERD 402 Types of Relationships 402 Cardinality 404
Case in Point 9.1: TopText Publishing 406
Normalization 406 Standard Notation Format 407 Repeating Groups and Unnormalized Designs 407 First Normal Form 408 Second Normal Form 409 Third Normal Form 411 A Normalization Example 413
Case in Point 9.2: CyberToys 415
Using Codes During Data Design 417 Overview of Codes 417 Types of Codes 418 Developing a Code 419
Case in Point 9.3: DotCom Tools 421
Steps in Database Design 421
Database Models 422 Relational Databases 422 Object-Oriented Databases 424
Data Storage and Access 425 Strategic Tools for Data Storage and Access 425 Logical and Physical Storage 427 Data Coding and Storage 428
Data Control 430
Case in Point 9.4: SoccerMom 431
A Question of Ethics 431
Chapter Summary 432
Key Terms and Phrases 434
Learn It Online 435
Case-Sim: SCR Associates 436
Chapter Exercises 437
Apply Your Knowledge 438
Case Studies 440 New Century Health Clinic 440 Personal Trainer, Inc. 440 FastFlight Airlines 441
Chapter Capstone Case: SoftWear, Limited 442
Objectives 446
Introduction 446
System Architecture Checklist 448 Enterprise Resource Planning 448
Case in Point 10.1: ABC Systems 449 Initial Cost and TCO 449 Scalability 450 Web Integration 451 Legacy System Interface Requirements 451 Processing Options 452 Security Issues 452
Planning the Architecture 452 Servers 453 Clients 454
Client/Server Architecture 455 Overview 455 Client/Server Design Styles 457 Fat and Thin Clients 458 Client/Server Tiers 458 Middleware 459 Cost-Benefit Issues 459 Client/Server Performance Issues 460
Internet-Based Architecture 461 Developing E-Commerce Solutions In-House 462
Case in Point 10.2: Small Potatoes, Inc. 463 Packaged Solutions and E-Commerce Service Providers 463 Corporate Portals 464 Cloud Computing 465 Web 2.0 467
Processing Methods 468 Online Processing 468 Batch Processing 469
Case in Point 10.3: R/Way Trucking Company 469 Combined Online and Batch Processing 469
Network Models 470 The OSI Reference Model 470 Network Modeling Tools 471
Table of Contents
Chapter 9 Data Design
Chapter 10 System Architecture
Table of Contents
Network Topology 471 Routers 475 Network Protocols 475 Network Licensing Issues 476
Wireless Networks 476 Wireless Network Standards 476 Wireless Network Topologies 477 Wireless Trends 478
Case in Point 10.4: Spider IT Services 479
Systems Design Completion 479 System Design Specification 479 User Approval 480 Presentations 481
A Question of Ethics 482
Chapter Summary 482
Key Terms and Phrases 485
Learn It Online 486
Case-Sim: SCR Associates 487
Chapter Exercises 488
Apply Your Kno wledge 489
Case Studies 491 New Century Health Clinic 491 Personal Trainer, Inc. 491
Chapter Capstone Case: SoftWear, Limited 493
PHASE 4: SYSTEMS IMPLEMENTATION
Objectives 506
Introduction 506
Software Quality Assurance 500 Software Engineering 500 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 501
Overview of Application Development 503 Review the System Design 503 Application Development Tasks 503 Systems Development Tools 504 Project Management 506
Structured Application Development 506 Structure Charts 506 Cohesion and Coupling 507 Drawing a Structure Chart 509
Object-Oriented Application Development 510 Characteristics of Object-Oriented Application Development 510 Implementation of Object-Oriented Designs 511 Object-Oriented Cohesion and Coupling 511
Agile Application Development 512 An Extreme Programming (XP) Example 512 The Future of Agile Development 513
Coding 514 Programming Environments 514 Generating Code 514
Testing the System 515 Unit Testing 515
Case in Point 11.1: Your Move, Inc. 516
Integration Testing 516 System Testing 517
Case in Point 11.2: WebTest, Inc. 518
Documentation 518 Program Documentation 519 System Documentation 519 Operations Documentation 519 User Documentation 520
Management Approval 523
System Installation and Evaluation 524
Operational and Test Environments 524
Training 525 Training Plan 525 Vendor Training 526 Webinars, Podcasts, and Tutorials 527 Outside Training Resources 527 In-House Training 528
Data Conversion 531 Data Conversion Strategies 531 Data Conversion Security and Controls 531
System Changeover 531 Direct Cutover 532 Parallel Operation 532 Pilot Operation 533 Phased Operation 533
Case in Point 11.3: Global Cooling 534
Post-Implementation Tasks 534 Post-Implementation Evaluation 534
Case in Point 11.4: Yorktown Industries 536 Final Report to Management 537
A Question of Ethics 537
Chapter Summary 537
Key Terms and Phrases 540
Learn It Online 541
Case-Sim: SCR Associates 542
Chapter Exercises 543
Apply Your Knowledge 544
Case Studies 546 New Century Health Clinic 546 Personal Trainer, Inc. 546 Fanciful Crystal 547
Chapter Capstone Case: SoftWear, Limited 548
PHASE 5: SYSTEMS SUPPORT AND SECURITY
Objectives 556
Introduction 556
Overview 558
User Support 558 User Training 558 Help Desks 558
ix
Chapter 11 Managing Systems Implementation
Chapter 12 Managing Systems Support and Security
Maintenance Tasks 560 Corrective Maintenance 561 Adaptive Maintenance 562 Perfective Maintenance 562 Preventive Maintenance 563
Case in Point 12.1: Outback Outsourcing, Inc. 564
Maintenance Management 564 The Maintenance Team 564
Case in Point 12.2: Brightside Insurance, Inc. 566 Maintenance Requests 566 Establishing Priorities 568 Configuration Management 568 Maintenance Releases 568 Version Control 569 Baselines 570
System Performance Management 571 Fault Management 571 Performance and Workload Measurement 571 Capacity Planning 574 System Maintenance Tools 576
System Security Overview 576 System Security Concepts 576 Risk Management 576 Attacker Profiles and Attacks 578
Security Levels 580 Physical Security 580
Case in Point 12.3: Outer Banks County 583 Network Security 583 Application Security 587 File Security 588 User Security 588 Procedural Security 591
Case in Point 12.4: Chain Link Consulting, Inc. 591
Backup and Recovery 592 Backup Policies 592 Business Continuity Issues 594
System Obsolescence 594
Future Challenges and Opportunities 595 Predictions 595 Strategic Planning for IT Professionals 596 IT Credentials and Certification 597
A Question of Ethics 598
Chapter Summary 598
Key Terms and Phrases 600
Learn It Online 601
Case-Sim: SCR Associates 602
Chapter Exercises 603
Apply Your Kno wledge 604
Case Studies 606 New Century Health Clinic 606 Personal Trainer, Inc. 606 Tarheel Industries 607 Mills Imports 608
Chapter Capstone Case: SoftWear, Limited 609
THE SYSTEMS ANALYST’S TOOLKIT
Objectives 614
Introduction 614
Successful Communication Strategies 616 Why,Who,What,When, and How 616 Cultural Context 616 Know Your Subje ct 617
Written Communications 617 Writing Style and Readability 617 E-Mail, Memos, and Letters 618 Netiquette 619 Workgroup Software 621 Reports 621
Oral Communications 623 Define the Audience 623 Define the Objectives 623 Organize the Presentation 624 Define Any Technical Terms 624 Prepare Presentation Aids 624 Practice 625 The Presentation 626 Delivering Online Presentations 627
Managing Your Communication Skills 627
Toolkit Summary 629
Key Terms and Phrases 630
Toolkit Exercises 631
Objectives 632
Introduction 632
Overview of CASE Tools 634 CASE Tools H istory 634 The Marketplace for CASE Tools 634
CASE Terms and Concepts 637 Repository 637 Individual Tools 637
Integrated Development Environments 640 Examples of Integrated Development Environments 640 Pros and Cons of Integrated Development Tools 640
CASE Tool Examples 641 Visible Analyst 641 System Architect 643 Rational Software 644
CASE Tool Trends 645 New Products and Features 646 Method-Specific C ASE Tools 649
Table of Contents
Toolkit 2 CASE Tools
Toolkit 1 Communication Tools
x
Table of Contents
Toolkit Summary 650
Key Terms and Phrases 651
Toolkit Exercises 652
Objectives 654
Introduction 654
Describing Costs and Benefits 656 Cost Classifications 658 Managing Information Systems Costs and Charges 659 Benefit Classifications 660
Cost-Benefit Analysis 660 Payback Analysis 661 Using a Spreadsheet to Compute Payback Analysis 663 Return on Investment Analysis 664 Using a Spreadsheet to Compute ROI 666 Present Value Analysis 666 Using a Spreadsheet to Calculate Present Value 669
Toolkit Summary 670
Key Terms and Phrases 671
Toolkit Exercises 672
Objectives 674
Introduction 674
Overview 676
Planning an Internet Research Strategy 676 Step 1. Review Your Information Requirements 676 Step 2. Use the Proper Search Tools and Techniques 677 Step 3. Evaluate the Results 677 Step 4. Consider Copyright and Data Integrity Issues 677
Search Basics 678
Search Engines 679 Search Engine Concepts 679 Search Techniques 680 Advanced Search Techniques 681 Search Checklist 683
Subject Directories 684 A Subject Directory Example 684 Advantages and Disadvantages of Subject Directories 685
The Invisible Web 685 Invisible Web Examples 686 Navigation Tools for the Invisible Web 686
Internet Communication Channels 688 Newsgroups 689 Newsletters, Blogs, and Podcasts 690 RSS Feeds 690 Webinars 691 Mailing Lists 691 Web-Based Discussion Groups 692 Chat Rooms 692 Instant Messaging and Text Messaging 692
Information Technology Community Resources 695 Corporate Resources 695 Government Resources 696 Professional Resources 696 Online Learning Resources 696
Toolkit Summary 699
Key Terms and Phrases 700
Toolkit Exercises 701
Glossary/Index 703
Photo Credits 732
xi
Toolkit 4 Internet Resource Tools
Toolkit 3 Financial Analysis Tools
xii Preface
PREFACE The Shelly Cashman Series® offers the finest textbooks in computer education. We are proud that our previous editions of Systems Analysis and Design have been so well received by instructors and students. Systems Analysis and Design, Eighth Edition: Video Enhanced continues with the innovation, quality, and reliability you have come to expect from the Shelly Cashman Series.
Overview
Systems Analysis and Design, Eighth Edition: Video Enhanced includes exciting new Video Learning Sessions, developed to maximize the learning experience. The Video Learning Sessions combined with the text present a practical, visually appealing approach to informa- tion systems development. Many two- and four-year colleges and schools use this book in information systems, computer science, and e-commerce curriculums. The textbook emphasizes the role of the systems analyst in a dynamic, business-related environment.
Facing a challenging global marketplace, companies need strong IT resources to sur- vive and compete effectively. Many of today’s students will become the systems ana- lysts, managers, and IT professionals of tomorrow. This textbook will help prepare students for those roles.
Using this book, students learn how to translate business requirements into informa- tion systems that support a company’s short- and long-term objectives. Case studies and assignments teach analytical and problem-solving skills. Students learn about traditional structured analysis, object-oriented concepts, and agile methods. Extensive end-of-chapter exercises emphasize critical-thinking skills.
Features new to the Eighth Edition include a new chapter on project management, a new IT ethics feature, greater emphasis on IT security, and an overall update that explains new systems development methods and trends.
Objectives of This Textbook
Systems Analysis and Design, Eighth Edition: Video Enhanced is intended for a three credit-hour introductory systems analysis and design course. This textbook is designed to:
• Explain systems analysis and design using an appealing full-color format, numerous screen shots and illustrations, and an easy-to-read style that invites students to learn.
• Introduce project management concepts early in the systems development process, with a new chapter that explains project management tools and techniques.
• Challenge students with a Question of Ethics mini-case in each chapter that asks them to respond to real-life ethical issues in an IT environment.
• Provide multi-method coverage, including a comparison of structured, object- oriented, and agile systems development methods.
• Emphasize the importance of planning, implementing, and managing an effective IT security program.
• Explain how IT supports business requirements in today’s intensely competitive environment, and describe major IT developments and trends.
• Provide case studies and exercises that promote critical-thinking skills and encourage students to apply their skills and knowledge.
• Describe a systems analyst’s job in a typical business organization, and show stu- dents how to use various tools and techniques to improve their skills and manage their careers.
Preface xiii
• Provide students with a comprehensive Systems Analyst’s Toolkit that highlights four major cross-functional tools, including: Communications Tools, CASE Tools, Financial Analysis Tools, and Internet Resource Tools.
New Video Learning Sessions
Fourteen Video Learning Sessions enhance the textbook and describe important systems analysis skills and concepts. The sessions provide step-by-step explanations that are easy to follow and understand.
• Topics include DFDs, data normalization, entity-relationship diagrams, decision tables, financial tools, and project management.
• A Your Turn feature in every Video Learning Session challenges students to apply their skills and check their work against sample answers. This hands-on practice can help students better handle actual assignments and tasks.
• The Video Learning Sessions offer a self-paced multimedia format that students can review at their convenience.
• Instructors may use the Video Learning Sessions as classroom presentations, distance-education support, student review tools, and exam preparation.
New and Updated Features in This Text
Systems Analysis and Design, Eighth Edition: Video Enhanced offers these exciting new and expanded features:
• Each development phase opens with an eye-catching Dilbert© cartoon and a multicolor Gantt chart that provides a visual roadmap for students.
• New Project Management chapter adds coverage of project management tools, techniques, and a full set of practice tasks and activities. A link is provided to Open Workbench, open-source project management software that students can download and install. Each Chapter Capstone case now includes a Gantt chart example, showing concurrent and dependent tasks, and each Chapter Opener case also includes a Gantt chart.
• New Question of Ethics mini-case in each chapter challenges students with real- life ethical issues in an IT environment.
• Multi-method coverage provides comparison of structured, object-oriented, and agile development methods, starting in Chapter 1. New material on agile methods includes examples of extreme programming, scrum, spiral models, and related topics.
• New coverage of risk management, both in a project management context and as a key element of IT security planning.
• Extensive update of networking coverage, including new material on switches, routers, and multistation access units. New coverage of wireless networks, including wireless standards, topologies, and trends.
• Major expansion of IT security material, including risk management, fault man- agement, backup and recovery, wireless security issues, and a six-level security framework.
• Expanded coverage of IT trends, including cloud computing, Web 2.0, RFID, wireless networks, mobile computing, offshore outsourcing, e-business, ERP, Web hosting, client/server architecture, network concepts, Webinars, podcasts, RSS feeds, Web-based applications, and others.
xiv Preface
• Revised Systems Analyst’s Toolkit teaches students IT support skills in four cross- functional areas, including Communication Tools, CASE Tools, Financial Analysis Tools, and Internet Resource Tools.
Organization of This Textbook
Systems Analysis and Design, Eighth Edition: Video Enhanced contains 16 learning units in twelve chapters and a four-part Systems Analyst’s Toolkit that teaches valuable cross-functional skills.
Chapter 1 – Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design Chapter 1 provides an up- to-date overview of IT issues, major trends, and various systems development approaches, including structured, object-oriented, and agile methods. The chapter emphasizes the important role of systems analysis and design in supporting business objectives.
Chapter 2 – Analyzing the Business Case Chapter 2 offers a business-related starting point for successful systems analysis. Topics include strategic planning, review of systems requests, how to conduct a feasibility study, and the steps in a preliminary investigation.
Chapter 3 – Managing Systems Projects Chapter 3 explains project management, cost estimating, and change control for information systems. This chapter includes hands-on skills that systems analysts can use to create Gantt charts and PERT charts.
Chapter 4 – Requirements Modeling Chapter 4 describes fact-finding techniques and team-based modeling methods, including JAD and RAD, that systems analysts use to model and document a new system.
Chapter 5 – Data and Process Modeling Chapter 5 explains how systems analysts create a logical model for the new system by using data flow diagrams and process description tools, including structured English, decision tables, and decision trees.
Chapter 6 – Object Modeling Chapter 6 explains object-oriented tools and techniques, including use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, state- transition diagrams, activity diagrams, and the Unified Modeling Language.
Chapter 7 – Development Strategies Chapter 7 focuses on software acquisi- tion options, including outsourcing and offshore outsourcing options, applica- tion service providers, and other trends that view software as a service rather than a product.
Chapter 8 – Output and User Interface Design Chapter 8 highlights output and report design, the interaction between humans and computers, including usability issues, graphical screen design, input issues, and data entry guidelines.
Chapter 9 – Data Design Chapter 9 describes data design terms, con- cepts, and skills including entity-relationship diagrams, cardinality, data normalization rules, data warehousing, data mining, a comparison of logi-
cal and physical records, and data control measures. Chapter 10 – System Architecture Chapter 10 explains the elements of system architec-
ture, with emphasis on RFID, ERP, supply chain management, client/server architecture, and network topology, including wireless networking standards and trends.
Chapter 11 – Managing Systems Implementation Chapter 11 includes coverage of application development and implementation topics, including structure charts, docu- mentation techniques, system testing, user training, data conversion, changeover meth- ods, and post-implementation evaluation.
Chapter 12 – Managing Systems Support and Security Chapter 12 describes user sup- port, maintenance techniques, and factors that indicate the end of a system’s useful life. This chapter explains IT security concepts, techniques, and tools, and specifically addresses six security levels: physical, network, application, file, user, and procedural security. Chapter 12 also describes risk management, data backup and disaster recovery, and explains future challenges and opportunities that IT professionals will face in a dynamic workplace.
SYSTEM S PLAN
NING
1
PHASE
As the D ilbert car
toon sug gests, it i
s always a good id
ea to kno w wheth
er a proj ect fits th
e
company ’s overall
strategy . You wil
l learn m ore abou
t the rela tionship
between systems
projects
and corp orate str
ategies in the syst
ems plan ning pha
se.
Systems planning
is the firs t of five p
hases in the syste
ms devel opment
life cycle . After a
n intro-
duction t o system
s analysis and desi
gn, you w ill learn h
ow syste ms proje
cts get st arted, ho
w to
evaluate a project
proposa l to dete
rmine its feasibilit
y, and ho w to use
project managem
ent tools
and tech niques.T
he delive rable for
this pha se is the
prelimina ry invest
igation re port.
1 DELIVER
ABLE
Prelimina ry invest
igation re port
TOOLKI T SUPPO
RT
Primary tools: Co
mmunica tions and
financial analysis t
ools
Other to ols as re
