Twenty-Five Techniques Of Situational Prevention

/in /by

Prior to beginning this discussion, examine the Problem Analysis Chart (Step 8) in Crime Analysis for Problem Solvers in 60 Small Steps (Links to an external site.) (assigned reading for Week 2) and the Twenty Five Techniques of Situational Prevention (Links to an external site.)  chart. In an initial post of at least 400 words, identify a crime or  criminal issue that you believe has a law enforcement solution. Note  that the recommended resources include certain pages from the National  Crime Prevention Council website that include content on diversity  awareness. Using content from this source, or from other relevant  credible professional, government, or scholarly sources, identify how a  crime prevention technique could address diversity awareness objectives.

  • Propose a potential solution to the crime or criminal issue that you  identified, in terms of reducing the possibility of the crime  occurring, and in terms of addressing diversity awareness objectives.
  • Discuss data from a credible or scholarly source that provides  insight on the effectiveness of methods that have been used to address  the crime or criminal issue that you identified. It may be helpful to  think about how such findings might relate to your proposed solution.  Note that this source must be distinct from sources used in the written  assignment for Week 3. You may use this source as a resource for your  Final Paper.
  • Explain how methods for your proposed solution could effectively  reduce the possibility of the crime occurring and address diversity  awareness objectives.
    • If the methods are effective, what is the expected result on social and criminal justice?

Support your post with examples from your required reading material  and /or other sources, and provide in-text citations according to APA Style (Links to an external site.) as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.).  Your initial post must include (as sources for your discussion), in  addition to the course text, the assigned web page and a minimum of one  additional source. The additional source may be either a scholarly or  credible source. Consult the Ashford University Library’s Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources (Links to an external site.) table which offers additional guidance on appropriate source types

Discuss the importance/meaning of “Decision Making“ related to criminal justice management

/in /by

This paper must be a minimum of 3 pages in length (does not include reference page or title page), maximum 12-point font, 1-inch margins, and utilize proper APA citation format. Students should organize their papers as follows:

Discuss the importance/meaning of “Decision Making“ related to criminal justice management.Provide an overview of the topic and a justification for why—in your mind—this topic is so important in the administration and management of criminal justice organizations. Provide a critical evaluation of this topic including information that supports and/or disputes current policy and practice. Provide an analysis on how best to improve/address this topic, including providing an example of ‘best practices’ (if they exist). Feel free to relate personal work experiences that you may have encountered related to this topic (in-or outside of the CJ realm) and how your ‘new’ way of evaluating/assessing/addressing the topic might have changed the outcome. You may also want to utilize peer reviewed sources to assist in writing the paper. *powerpoint attached to help

Chapter Twelve

Decision Making

Criminal Justice Organizations: Administration and Management

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Learning Objectives

Be able to define decision making

Understand the basis for decision making rules of criminal justice practitioners

Understand the garbage can theory of decision making

Be able to briefly discuss the four types of criminal justice decision makers

Understand the major themes to improving criminal justice decisions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

What is a Decision?

A decision is a judgment, a choice between alternatives (Houston, 1999).

Decisions are often made within the context of a theory or broad framework (paradigm).

Three kinds of information

An awareness of the alternatives

An awareness of the possible consequences of each alternative

The subject of the decision

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

What is a Decision?

Decision rules govern how the elements of the decision are combined.

In criminal justice many decisions are clinical and based on the decision makers education, training, and experience.

All decisions should be based on goals or preferred outcomes.

Feedback provides the opportunity to correct previously made decisions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

What is a Decision?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Decision Making Theory Rationality to Garbage Cans

Initially, decision making was thought to be a rational process.

Later, March and Simon (1958) proposed that decisions are based on bounded rationality

Decision makers are unable to collect all the information they need to make a completely rational decision.

The result is satisfycing – taking the first acceptable solution that comes along.

“Garbage can” analogy – decision makers keep previously made decisions and use them as needed.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Decision Making Theory Organizational Culture

Decisions are often influenced by the organizational culture.

“We’ve always done it that way.”

“It worked in the past.”

“If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.”

Organizations tend to define problems and identify solutions to problems based on deeply rooted values and beliefs.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Decision Making Theory Politics

Politics is power and power influences decision making.

Internal politics – processes by which interested parties within the organization express their concern and seek implementation and acceptance of their ideas and practices.

External politics – consist of the influence that outside parties exert on the organization’s definition of mission, the appropriate types of operations the organization exhibits, and the directions it takes.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Characteristics of Decision Makers

Sequentialists – use their experience to determine what items of information are the most important to the decision.

Ah yes! – collect large amounts of information and search for patterns in that information.

Simplifier – reduces complex problems to their simplest form.

Ratifier – wait for comments by someone else and then associate themselves with that person’s viewpoint.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Decision Making Styles

Directive – make decisions and announce them, highly task oriented and a low tolerance for ambiguity.

Analytical – high tolerance for ambiguity and tend to overanalyze situations.

Conceptual – work well with people and rely on discussion with others to consider the problem and possible solutions.

Behavioral – like to interact with others and welcome open discussions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Decision Making Styles

Decision making styles can also range on a continuum from

Autocratic – boss makes and announces the decision, to

Laissez-faire – totally subordinate centered.

Some decision makers are democratic or participative and encourage input from subordinates.

Police chiefs tend to

Be autocratic,

Be directive, and

Rely on traditional beliefs and assumptions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Characteristics of Information

Accuracy – most important, but often least attainable because information is;

Complied from numerous sources,

From people with a vested interest in the outcome, and

Often only summarizes information about groups.

Order of presentation – affects sequentialist the most, but overall does affect the outcome of a decision.

Availability of alternatives – often there are only two possible outcomes. Additional alternatives complicate the process.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Discretion

“a situation in which an official has latitude to make authoritative choices not necessarily specified within the source of authority which governs his decision making” (Atkins and Pogrebin (1992:1).

Often essential in criminal justice decision making.

Complicated nature of job

Incomplete information

Others argue that discretion is “uncontrolled decision making”.

Recent attempts have been made to objectify decision making through weighted questionnaires.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Discretion

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Prediction

Prediction of the future influences criminal justice decision making.

The decision to arrest or not arrest

Criminal sentencing

Probation conditions

Recent applications of statistical techniques have improved this, but have not removed all unintended outcomes.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Prediction

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Improving Criminal Justice Decisions

Themes for improving decision making

Equity – similar decisions for similar situations

Accuracy – making correct decisions

Consistency with theory – adhering to a consistent paradigm or framework

Consistency with resources – pragmatism

Contribution to future decisions – use prior decisions and their outcomes to influence future decisions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ethical Considerations

Decisions are often made under:

Time constraints,

During conflict, and

With personal bias.

Close and Meier (1995) pose four questions.

Will the decision violate Constitutional rights?

Does the decision treat individuals as mean?

Is the decision illegal?

Does the decision violate policy or a professional code of ethics?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter Summary

A decision is based upon goals and is the process of making a choice between alternative paths toward the goal.

Information can exhibit the alternatives available.

The consequences of a decision can be estimated.

Decision rules are clinical in nature.

Decisions are influenced by the decision maker’s education, training, and experience.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter Summary

Decision makers keep a repertoire of solutions in a “garbage can” and pull the solutions out as when they encounter a problem.

There are four types of criminal justice decision makers.

Sequentalist – make decisions based on experience

Ah yes – search for patterns in large amount of information

Simplifier – reduces complex problems to simplest form

Ratifier – waits for comments and feedback from others

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter Summary

The important themes in criminal justice decision making are:

Equity – similar dispositions across similar cases

Accuracy – separating the guilty from the innocent

Consistency – applying the same decision rules over time

Improved decision making should contribute to future decisions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thinking Point and Question

Your department has just received $2,000,000 from an asset forfeiture fund. This money may be spent in any way the department chooses.

You call a meeting of the command staff to decide how this money should be spent. During the meeting your four supervisors make the following statements.

Classify these decision makers as either sequentialist, ah yes!, simplifier, or ratifier.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thinking Point and Question

“The last time we got one of these checks we used it to upgrade our radios. That was ten years ago. I think it is time we do that again.”

“Let’s ask the city manager, city council, mayor and maybe even have a town hall meeting before we decide.”

“Let’s just put it in the bank and wait for a rainy day.”

“Let’s look over our strategic plans for the past ten years and identify a need that we have not yet addressed.”

. What challenges are presented by installing CCTV cameras?

/in /by

ALL WORK MUST BE ORIGINAL, IN APA FORMAT, CITED AND WILL BE SUBMITTED TO TURN IT IN. THE DUE DATE IS MONDAY 06/22/20 @12PM NOON EASTERN STANDARD TIME. THE PRICE IS THE PRICE LISTED. 

Assignment:

1. If you were giving advice to someone contemplating a career path in security/loss prevention, would you guide that person to a program in criminal justice or some other field such as computer science? Does the educational path have any impact on the type of positions that are available? Explain your answer in detail.

2. Explain your view of regulation in the security field. Should the government play a role, or should the industry regulate itself? Why do you feel the way you do?

3. What are the potential liabilities associated with limiting individual rights? Are the potential protections afforded by greater government scrutiny worth the reduction in individual freedom?

4. The Bill of Right of the United States Constitution provides for the protection of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness for all Americans. All Americans have a reasonable right and a certain expectation of privacy in their work and personal lives. You are the Security Manager for a large facility that employees 25,000 employees primarily in a cubicle and open work environment. The facility is surrounded by a very large parking lot with few or no trees. You are asked by the CEO of Walsh Corporation to install closed circuit cameras (CCTV) in the facility and parking lot as a deterrence to would-be criminals.

A. What challenges are presented by installing CCTV cameras?

B. What might you do to advertise the fact CCTV cameras are in use?

C. Where would CCTV cameras not be allowed under any circumstances?

Hospital Application: Risk Management

/in /by

Complete the following assignment using the Allied Health Community media provided in the study materials.

Allied Health Community Navigation Instructions

Open the Allied Health Community media application and click “Enter.”

You will then be brought to a screen with three options: Scenarios, Profiles, Timelines. For this course, you will click on “Scenarios.”

You will see a number of different scenarios for this class. Scroll down and click into “Operations and Risk Management in Health Care.” After reading the instructions and reviewing the legend, close the instructions dialogue box.

On the map you will see a number of different buildings. Hover your cursor over the buildings to see the pop-out label and choose a building applicable to this assignment.

For this assignment you will locate and click into “Hospital” on the back of the map. Select the green “I” icon. Select the Hospital scenario titled “Risk Management” and choose to Download Full Scenario, which will provide the full scenario and the five questions that you need to answer for this assignment.

Assignment Instructions

Within the Allied Health Community media, read the “Hospital: Risk Management Scenario.”

In a total of 250-500 words, respond to the questions located in the scenario.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

HOSPITAL: Risk Management Scenario

Scenario

A rural country hospital facility provides health care services to over 35,000 citizens, with a high percentage being older Americans who have retired to this area of the country. The hospital administrator has asked the Vice President of Risk Management to attend a meeting with the senior staff next week in the Board Room. The hospital administrator has asked Vice President of Risk Management to present areas of opportunity for increasing the hospital’s risk management strategies to ensure a litigation-free environment for the facility, its patients, and its employees.

During the meeting, the Vice President of Risk Management reports that all the continuous quality improvement (CQI) minutes for the past 3 months of meetings have been reviewed. Although most areas are being adequately resolved, there are some that need more attention, especially from the senior staff. Before specifically addressing those points, the Vice President of Risk Management briefs the staff on the major areas of risk for the hospital. They are:

1. Employee-driven adverse actions against the facility 2. Medication errors 3. Surgery/Treatment errors 4. Patient falls 5. Patient elopements 6. Security breaches in secured areas 7. Inaccurate coding and billing for government/insurer reimbursements

Now that the senior staff is aware of the major areas of risk concern, you, as the administrator in charge of all hospital business operations, assign each of these areas of concern to the respective director, such as the Directors of Human Resources, Nursing, Medical, Social Services, and Facility Security. Their reports of assessment, along with recommendations for achieving full compliance and reducing the hospital’s litigation exposure, are due at the end of the month.

Questions:

1. While this situation has many areas of risk that are considered a top priority, focus on patient privacy and information disclosure (HIPAA violations). Which department is responsible for leading the initiative? As the administrator, describe your approach for managing this directive. Do you create a special projects team? How do you gather pertinent data for a category? What tools would you use? 2. How do you determine if you are meeting the industry standards for this area of risk? 3. Would you change any current policies or procedures? How and why? 4. How would you train the affected staff with regard to this area of risk? 5. What are the sanctions, penalties, or government investigations that could present a worst-case scenario if not addressed?