Individual Views Of Delinquency: Choice Trait

List and discuss at least three reasons as presented in the textbook, as to why incarcerating delinquents may not reduce their crime rates.

Do you agree or disagree with the author?

What other reasons can you think of that might influence delinquent incarceration?  What other alternatives might you suggest?

Post/Reply Requirements

Make sure you use proper grammar and cite any resources utilized.

400 words minimum

Do not plagerize

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

THE CORE 5E

Chapter 3: Individual

Views of Delinquency:

Choice and Trait

 

 

Choice Theory

• Classical criminology

• Cesare Beccaria & Jeremy Bentham

• Choice Theory

• Argues that people weigh and consider

the consequences prior to the

commission of their behaviors

• Holds that the decision to violate the law

comes after a careful weighing of the

benefits

• Assumes that people have “free will” to

choose their behavior

 

 

The Rational Delinquent

 The view that delinquents choose to violate the law

remains a popular approach to the study of delinquents

 In reality, many youths from affluent families choose to

break the law

 Delinquent motives include:

 Economic need/opportunity

 Problem solving

 False expectations

 Opportunity

 

 

Routine Activities Theory

 Developed by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson

 The view that crime is a normal function of the routine activities of

modern living

 Predatory crimes

 Violent crimes against persons and crimes in which an offender

attempts to steal an object from its holder are influenced by three

variables:

① The availability of suitable targets

② The absence of capable guardians

③ The presence of motivated offenders

 

 

FIGURE 3.1 Routine Activities Theory Helps Explain Fluctuations

in the Delinquency Rate

 

 

Choice Theory and

Delinquency Prevention

 General Deterrence

 Crime control policies that depend on the fear of criminal penalties,

i.e. long prison sentences for violent crime

 A guiding principle of deterrence is based on:

 The severity of the punishment

 The certainty of the punishment

 The swiftness of the punishment

 There is evidence that adolescents who perceive they will be

arrested and punished for a crime will often forego delinquent acts

 

 

Choice Theory and

Delinquency Prevention

• Specific Deterrence

• If young offenders are punished severely they will not repeat their

illegal acts

• “Learn from their own mistakes”

• For example, sending convicted offenders to secure

incarceration facilities; punishment is severe enough to

convince them not to repeat their criminal activity

• However, in some cases experiencing punishment may

actually increase the likelihood of reoffending

 

 

Choice Theory and

Delinquency Prevention • Problems with a strict deterrence strategy:

• Minors are not “rational”

• Experienced offenders do not fear the legal consequences

• high-risk offenders may not fear getting arrested

• Many juveniles are under influence of drugs/alcohol

• Juveniles often commit crimes in groups – “co-offending”

• Most serious delinquents are not able to comprehend

consequences

• Punishment may produce defiance, rather than deterrence

 

 

Choice Theory and

Delinquency Prevention  Situational Crime Prevention

 In order to reduce delinquency, crime control must recognize the

characteristics of sites and situations that are at risk to crime

 Delinquency can be

neutralized if:

 Potential offenders are carefully guarded

 The means to commit crime are controlled

 Potential offenders are carefully monitored

 Situational crime prevention includes:

 Hot spot and crackdowns

 

 

Trait Theories: Biosocial and

Psychological Views

 Origins of Trait Theory

 The school of thought is generally believed to have originated with

the Italian physician Cesar Lombroso (1835-1909)

 Father of Criminology

 Criminal Atavism

 Idea that delinquents manifest physical anomalies that make them

biologically and psychologically similar to our primitive ancestors

 By the middle of the 20th century, biological theories had

fallen out of favor

 

 

Trait Theories: Biosocial and

Psychological Views

• Contemporary Trait Theory

• For the most of the 20th century, delinquency research focused on

social factors

• Trait theories argue that a combination of personal traits and

environmental factors lead to behavior patterns

• Today’s trait theories: • Biosocial theory

• Delinquency can be found in a child’s physical or

biological makeup

• Psychological traits and characteristics

 

 

Mug Shot Study –

Current Example

 

 

Biosocial Theories of Delinquency

Focuses on the association between biological

makeup, environmental conditions, and antisocial

behaviors

Three areas of biosocial theories:

① Biochemical factors

② Neurological function

① Genetic history

 

 

Biochemical Factors

• Suspected relationship between antisocial behavior and

biochemical makeup

• Biochemical problems can begin at conception

• i.e., maternal alcohol abuse

• Environmental contamination, such as children exposed to high

levels of air pollution

• There is evidence that a child’s diet may influences his or

her behavior

• Hormonal levels, such as increased levels of

testosterone, are also associated with antisocial

behavior

 

 

Neurological Dysfunction

• Neurological dysfunction, such as minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) is

associated with antisocial behavior

• Teenage brains:

• Teenage brains can make them crime prone

• ADHD:

• Condition in which a child shows a developmentally

inappropriate lack of attention and impulse

• Learning Disabilities (LD):

• Studies show that arrested children

have a higher rate of LDs

than children in the general

population

• Arousal Theory:

• “Thrill” and “sensation seekers”

 

 

Genetic Influences

 It assumes:

 Antisocial behavior is inherited

 The genetic makeup of parent is passed on to children

 Genetic abnormality is directly linked to antisocial behaviors

 Three approaches to test the association:

① Parental deviance

② Twin studies

③ Adoption studies

 

 

Criminal Twins –

Current Example

 

 

Psychological Theories of Delinquency

 Many delinquent youths have poor home lives, and

destructive relationships with people around them; this

can indicate a disturbed personality

 One study of incarcerated youths found that at least 88% of males

and 92% of females had a psychiatric disorder

 Three prominent psychological perspectives:

① Psychodynamic theory

② Behavioral theory

③ Cognitive theory

 

 

FIGURE 3.2 Psychological Perspectives of

Delinquency

 

 

Psychodynamic Theory

 Psychodynamic Theory

 Branch of psychology that holds that the human personality is

controlled by unconscious mental processes

 Originated by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

 Personality consists of three major components:

① Id

② Ego

③ Superego

 The theory suggests that an imbalance in personality traits, caused

by early childhood, can result in long-term psychological difficulties

 

 

Behavioral Theory/Cognitive Theory

• Behavioral Theory

• Argument that personality is learned throughout life during

interactions with others

• “Behaviorism” concerns the study of observable behavior,

rather than unconscious processes; focuses on particular

stimuli and responses to them

• Kids learn through reward and punishment

• Cognitive Theory

• Studies the perception of reality and the mental processes

required to understand the world we live in

 

 

Personality and Delinquency

• Personality

• The stable patterns of behavior, including thoughts and emotions,

that distinguish one person from the other

• Hans Eysenck’s two traits associate with antisocial

behavior:

①Extraversion

• Impulsive individuals who lack the ability to examine their

own motives

②Neuroticism

• Individuals who are anxious and emotionally unstable

 

 

Personality and Delinquency

Psychopathic personality

Also known as: Sociopathic or antisocial

personality

A person lacking in warmth, exhibiting inappropriate

behavior responses, and unable to learn from

experience

 Is defined by persistent violations of social norms

 

 

VA Tech Massacre –

Current Example

 

 

Intelligence and Delinquency

 Delinquents believed to be substandard in intelligence

and thus inclined to commit more crimes

 Nature Theory:

 Intelligence is inherited and is a function of genetic makeup

 Nurture Theory:

 Intelligence is determined by environmental stimulation and socialization

 

 

Trait Theory and Delinquency Prevention

• Prevention efforts should be directed at strengthening a

youth’s home life and relationships

• Prenatal/Early Infancy Project (PEIP)

• One of the best known home visitation programs

• Individual approaches have been used to prevent

adjudicated youths from engaging in further criminal

activities

• Rehabilitation methods include psychological counseling or

prescribed psychotropic medications

 

 

Summary

Ability to distinguish between the 2 branches of individual-

level theories of delinquency

Know the principles of choice theory

Familiarity with the branches and substance of biological

trait theory

The various psychological theories of delinquency

Personhood, Human Dignity, And Moral Status

Part One: What It Means to Be Human

Based on the topic study material, complete the “Personhood Chart” about personhood, human dignity, and moral status according to the Christian worldview and another worldview.

Part Two: Case Study on Moral Status

Based on the topic study material, write a 500-750-word analysis of “Case Study: Fetal Abnormality.” Be sure to address the following questions:

  1. Which theory or theories are being used by Jessica, Marco, Maria, and Dr. Wilson to determine the moral status of the fetus? Explain.
  2. How does the theory influence each of their recommendation for action?
  3. What theory do you agree with? How would that theory influence your recommendation for action?
  4. How will the concepts of personhood, human dignity, and moral status inform your philosophy of health care and wellness?

Remember to support your responses with the topic study materials.

Submit both Part One and Part Two at the same time in LoudCloud.

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

Personhood Chart

Based on the topic study material, complete the chart about personhood, human dignity, and moral status according to the Christian worldview and another worldview.

 

What is believed… Christian Worldview Another Worldview

Choose and circle one of the following:

Atheism, Pantheism, Materialism

Relationally    
Multidimensionally    
Sexually    
Morally    
Mortality  

 

 
Eternal Destiny    

 

 

References:

 

© 2019. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.

 

2

Modern Day Policing And Society: Where Are We Headed?

In this course, we have been learning about the different eras of policing, from the inception of the first police force in 1829 to the current era of policing today. Based on the current climate, there is a level of distrust today between the police and the public. Riots, marches, and protests in response to high-profile police shootings have eroded the relationships that were built through community policing. With the hopes of improving police efficiency and finding new approaches to working together with the public, the country is again ready for a new era of policing.

Use the Internet and your textbook to research the different eras of policing until today. Based on the changing role and function of police officers over the years, address the questions below relative to the current state of policing and where we are headed in the future. As an optional component of this assignment for extra credit, you may also interview a law enforcement professional to get his/her explanation on this topic.

Write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you:

  1. Examine at least (2) of the eras of policing and discuss their main strengths and weaknesses.
  2. Examine at least two (2) issues facing law enforcement today and explain the impact both of these issues have on social order.
  3. Take a position on where law enforcement is headed in the next five (5) years. Discuss what you believe the future of policing looks like and the main challenges you think law enforcement will face.
  4. Describe the role of the public in cooperation with the police, as you see it, in the near future in order to improve the relationship between these groups and to work together optimally in facing the future challenges you identified.
  5. Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar websites do not qualify as quality resources.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

  • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

  • Distinguish the relationship of criminal justice to social justice and the wider notion of equity and fairness.
  • Summarize the mission of law enforcement in democratic societies and describe the structure of American policing today.
  • Summarize the current ethical issues faced by criminal justice professionals and future of the criminal justice system.

SITUATION

Situation 1

You are a parole officer who has a single mother with three  hyperactive, attention deficit disorder young children on your  caseload.  She receives no support from her ex-husband. Her mother wants  nothing to do with her or the children because she believes “God is  punishing” the young mother.  She works as a topless dancer but hates  it. She continues dancing because it pays the bills so well.  You know  she regularly smokes marijuana in an attempt to deal with stress.  Obviously, this is a violation of probation. However, if you file a  violation report on her, she will go back to prison. You know she is  doing the best she can with her kids, is very involved with their  school, and they are strongly bonded to her. You worry about what will  happen to the kids. What would you do? Explain which ethical system  would support your decision.

  1. Ethical Judgment: (how will you handle/what would you do)
  2. Moral Rules: (list what 4 moral rules apply)
  3. Ethical system: (under which ethical system(s))

Explain your decision using the ethical system used to arrive at your decision.

Note: Copy and paste assignment into a document and use the format in the scenario above.

  1. **All assignments must be summarized in your own  words, all topic’s and key concepts must be used and identify main  ideas/events by elaborating on text book content and other textbook  resources.
    ***All writings must clearly make a solid, defensible judgment about the reasoning and/or main ideas related to the text.
    ***Please do not complete any assignment without utilizing your textbook.
    ***APA Format is required.