This assignment is based on a Botulism outbreak that occurred in Argentina.

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This assignment is based on a Botulism outbreak that occurred in Argentina.
Part One: Background and Description of the Outbreak:
Background: Foodborne botulism is a severe illness that results from ingesting a preformed toxin produced by a bacterium, Clostridium botulinum, in contaminated food. Death can occur in up to 60% of untreated cases; supportive care and immediate administration of the antitoxin have reduced mortality in the United States to less than 10%. Outbreaks of botulism have been linked to improperly preserved foods such as vegetables, fruits, and meats, including fermented fish products, sausages, smoked meat, and seafood. Outbreak Description: On January 13, 1998, an infectious disease doctor in a Buenos Aires hospital telephoned the Directorate of Epidemiology of the Argentine Ministry of Health (MS) to report two possible cases of botulism. The two patients, men, presented eyelid ptosis, double vision, dysphagia, and respiratory problems. The onset of symptoms for one patient was on January 5 and for the other on January 6. The doctor took serum and stool samples to determine the presence of botulinum toxin, but results were not yet available. These patients are truck drivers who follow a route during their work. On the way, they make stops to eat. They are not sure which of the food stops may have been the one that provided the contaminated food.
Question: Based on the knowledge acquired during this module,
What are the primary considerations you would consider as field epidemiology professional?
Part Two:
Characterize the Outbreak in terms of time, space, and person.
Source and Agent Transmission Mode.
Identify individuals at risk.
Question:
Would you initiate control measures at this time? What criteria would you consider when implementing control measures like this at the start of an investigation?

Advertising Strategy Evaluation and Development: Jeep Wrangler.

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You will prepare and submit a term paper on Advertising Strategy Evaluation and Development: Jeep Wrangler. Your paper should be a minimum of 1250 words in length. The latest model, the Wrangler JK made its debut at the North American Auto Show, and in the US market, it was first sold in 2007. From the beginning, it has been offered in two models. the long wheelbase and the short wheelbase with four and two doors respectively, as well as Rubicon, trim levels (Ackerson 25). Its biggest competitor in the US market is the Toyota FJ Cruiser due to its similar SUV qualities, especially its off-road capabilities.

The current Jeep Wrangler is a result of the 2007 model’s complete redesign that introduced four doors for the first time in the brand’s history. According to Ackerman (p. 43), its chassis was transformed to a JK platform and the car is now noticeably wider with an 86 mm wider track in comparison to earlier models. The factory available tires for this model are also larger at thirty-two inches, while the 4-door model possesses a wheelbase that is at least 510 mm longer at 2,950 mm, which enhances the seating room at its rear (Ackerson 44). After the production of the Jeep Wrangler was moved to the complex at Toledo, it gained a distinction from its predecessors through its grille angle. While earlier models had flat grilles that were even in comparison to the front Enders, the current Wrangler has an angled grille towards the top, which, from mid-way to the bottom, continues as a straight line. The effect of this remodeling has been a decrease in hood length and a concurrent increase in fender length (Ackerson 44).

SUVs are generally defined as off-road vehicles, although no single definition for this category of cars has been settled on. However, this category is considered as a light truck, which means that there is less regulation compared to passenger cars under the Clean Air Act and the Energy Policy and Conservation Act for the economy of fuel and emissions respectively (Henshaw 38). However, the Environmental Protection Agency now&nbsp.considers SUVs as being under similar standards of tailpipe emissions to other cars. In the United States, therefore, the SUV is considered a truck together with minivans, delivery vans, and pick-ups.

Discuss how might traditional views toward women in judaism.

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Write a 1 page paper on how might traditional views toward women in judaism. How might traditional views toward women in Judaism be altered in the Judaism that wishes to incorporate feminist ideas?

Judaism, like Orthodox, had strict rules and norms for women to follow traditionally. Women had a limited role to play in many important aspects of life such as politics and social life. For example, females had no seats in the political election.

However, in recent times, this has changed. The change is still under the process. The women now have a greater right and freedom.

Traditionally, women were not recognized as witnesses. However, now women have a legal right to act as a witness. In cases of divorce and marriage, the trend is to incorporate four witnesses, two being men and the other two females. This has definitely given women a greater right in the legal sense.

In conclusion, it can be said that even though the perception of women in Judaism is to grant them limited freedom. That is, for example, men do not like their women to go out and socialize a lot. However, education and awareness can change this traditional thinking. All though women have greater and almost equal rights as men, the traditional mindset needs to be altered, as this alone would give way to the incorporation of feminist ideas.

The purpose of these recap discussion boards is to create dialogue and analytical discourse about the material covered in the chapter. I

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Health care costs were $2.8 trillion in 2012

Six reasons behind the soaring cost:

Spread of private insurance

Specialization of doctors

‘direct-fee system: health care system in which doctors, technicians and specialists are paid directly for their services either by patients or by insurance companies

‘fee for service model’: practice in which doctors have relatively free range in what they charge for their services. This allows doctors to charge more for services and encourage more diagnostic tests for their patients.

More high technology

‘ghost patients’: practice in which doctor’s charge insurance companies for exams that were never completed on patients that don’t exist.

Often this is couple with the practice of ‘self-referral’ in which doctors refer patients to organizations that provide services in which the doctor has a stake in (either owning the company or being an investor).

Lack of preventive care

Ageing population

More lawsuits

Controlling Costs

Pre-admission testing

Out-patient treatment

Regulating the length of hospitalization

Race and health:

This relationship has been attributed to:

Hazardous working conditions

Poor neighborhoods exposed to pollution

Inadequate and unsafe housing

Diet

Access to health care

Biological factors

Racial pressures which lead to stress and depression

Education:

The higher your education, the better your health (no matter how it is measured—mortality, morbidity or other general health measures).

Schooling might be a more important correlate to good health than is one’s occupation or income.

Educated individuals are more likely to:

Practice a healthier lifestyle

Visit their primary physicians more

Use new medical technologies or medicines.

Be aware of the health consequences of smoking and drinking.

Transmit their healthier lifestyle to their children.

Most people rely on health insurance:

Private Insurance Programs

64% of the population covered by traditional insurance

86% receive insurance through an employer

14% buy it on their own

Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)

Private insurance organizations that provide medical care to subscribers for a fixed fee

Focus on controlling costs by disease prevention

Managed care; use of primary care physician

24% of the population enrolled in HMOs

Government Insurance Programs

Medicare, part of social security for those 65+

15.7% of the population on Medicare in 2012

Medicaid, serves poor people with special needs and families with dependent children

16% of the population enrolled in Medicaid

Veterans receive care in government-operated hospitals