Complete 5 pages APA formatted article: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder of Veteran. &nbsp.Ever since the Vietnam War, the definition of post-traumatic stress has been broadened to include natural disasters, workplace accidents, and motor vehicle accidents. There are also other forms of post-traumatic stress as those caused by physical and sexual abuse during childhood since they affect the patient’s ability to form relationships and also have an effect on the development of their personality. Head injury has also been pointed out as a contributory factor.

As time proceeds there is continued re-evaluation of definition and also on techniques for treatment For one to be termed as suffering from post-traumatic stress they are expected to have gone through or been witnesses events that involved threatened or actual death or grievous injury to oneself or others. Some manuals point to the victim’s response as including feelings of helplessness horror and intense fear.

At the moment PTSD and its concept still revolve around assumptions, these first crucial and well-seen signs of traumatic stress are known as an etiological criterion which is a concept linked to unique symptoms and reactions called phenomenological criteria, but still, this does not explain the actual structure through PTSD concepts. The second concept is post-trauma morbidity, this is where the patient’s exposure to stressful conditions, which in return results in pervasive distress. Here the individual must have seen or experienced serious happening induced intense fear. This leads to the pre-trauma personality defects that graduate to psycho trauma. The third PTSD concept is known as a universal phenomenon, it is a bit diagnostic in nature and results in traumatic stress, this is due to complex traumatizing progression and the correlation of the wide aspect altogether in reaction to psychotrauma and hostility linked to culture-bound reactions of individual history. The fourth PTSD concept is associated with pathogenesis or portray-mates together with a posttraumatic dissociative procedure that has distinct mechanisms of hyperarousal related with fear due to traumatic memories.&nbsp.

Write 21 pages with APA style on History of Proton Therapy. When the beam leaves the electric field region, it enters the magnetic field region. It is bent 180 degrees, then renters the electric field region at the correct time to be accelerated in the opposite direction. As the charged particle energy increases, so does the radius of the path of the particle. When the power is sufficient, the particle is extracted from the cyclotron. If a cyclotron whose beam extraction energy is constant, the beam is then directed to an energy degrader and selection system. The electric field goes through 1 cycle (or multiple) for each particle revolution – this is the “cyclotron frequency” of the RF accelerating voltage. The oscillating electric field’s angular frequency is given by ω = qBIm, where q is proton charge, B is magnetic field strength, and m is proton mass.&nbsp.

The accelerating RF voltage and the protons will get out of synchronization (and limit the maximum energy) unless the frequency of the RF field decreases or the magnetic field increases.

The “synchrocyclotron” and the “isochronous cyclotron” were developed to address this problem. The synchrocyclotron varies the frequency of the accelerating voltage to track the relativistic effects. The accelerator at the Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory was a synchrocyclotron, which used a rotating condenser to vary the RF angular frequency. One result of this scheme is that only photons that arrive at the accelerating gaps at the right time are accelerated – this creates a pulsed time structure in the extracted proton beam. Because the accelerating frequency is variable in a synchrocyclotron, it is no longer necessary to use high-accelerating voltages used in cyclotrons. In the isochronous cyclotron, the magnetic field increases to compensate for the relativistic mass effects. The extracted proton beam is constant and not pulsed or bunched.

Synchrotrons:

Synchrotrons are circular ring devices where protons travel in vacuum pipes under the influence of magnets positioned around the circle’s circumference. Acceleration is achieved by the application of RF fields in an accelerating cavity located in the ring. The magnetic fields must be increased synchronously with the acceleration to keep the particles constrained in the constant radius path. A variety of beam focusing schemes can constrain the beam size, which will affect the size and expense of the magnetic elements controlling the beam.&nbsp.