**Due By Sunday April 17, 2022 no later then 5pm Pacific USA time**No plagiarizing**Discussion topic below:Some argue that scientific knowledge is superior to religious knowledge because science is objectively true, whereas religious beliefs are a component of culture. However, others maintain that “science, like a painting, necessarily has a perspective” (Medin, Lee, & Bang, 2014). For example, Kohlberg’s early work on the moral development of children was challenged because it ignored the perspectives of women and Eastern religious traditions. Sometimes the results of scientific studies can change based on the cultural lens of the scientists conducting the study. For example, most of the early study of chimpanzee behavior was conducted by men. Influenced by evolutionary biology, these researchers assumed that the male chimpanzees would compete with each other for dominance over the females. Therefore, whenever a female chimp asserted dominance over a male, it was dismissed as a fluke. However, when female scientists conducted the observation, they found that females played a more active role in the chimpanzee community than previously thought. Meanwhile, Japanese researchers gave more attention social relationships between the chimps, in contrast to the American researchers who focused on dominance hierarchies. Consequently, the Japanese researchers discovered new factors that determined social structure outside of male rank.In light of this, discuss in a post of no less than 250 words whether you think it is fair to say that science is more “culturally neutral” than religion.Can you think of any other times when culture significantly influenced the way scientific research was conceptualized, conducted, or interpreted? (Feel free to look up examples online. Try to find an example that another student has not already discussed.)Can you think of examples of how our American individualistic culture shapes our interpretation and application of Scripture?Denominational differences aside, are Christian beliefs and practices in the United States fundamentally the same as those found in Africa, Asia, or Europe?What can we do to minimize the influence of our culture on our understanding of scientific and religious truth?***Next, respond to the posts of TWO other students in no less than 50 words each******—>Student one please respond 50 word minimum <---I am responding to the week two discussion board above. I think a time where culture significanly influenced the way scientific research was conceptualized was within the past twenty years with the anti-animal testing with science movement. I've noticed over the past twenty years there has been a major movement towards stopping animal testing and the way animals are treated in the scientific world. I personally believe there are plenty of other ways to do experiements rather than testing on animals, but I do understand from a scientific background that there are some animal's who have brains similar to ours and that is why testing on those specific animals can be very helpful but also harmful to the animal.I think a way of how our American individualistic culture shapes our interpretation and application of scripture is that from a young age in school we are taught to trust and to believe in science. I think during the last two years of the pandemic was when people really started to question how truthful science is along with questioninghow specific science is done. I think that the application of scripture helps some people have a guide rather than using science as their only guide.I do not think that Christian beliefs and practices in the United States are fundementally the same as those found in Africa, Asia, or Europe. I think there are some similar practices in Europe as there are in The United States that would agree with Christian beliefs and practices, but not necessarily the same as here in The United States.To minimize the influence of our culture on our understanding of scientific and religious truth, we could use reasoning that has good supporting evidence along with letting people be themselves and believe what they want without shoving our own specific beliefs down other peoples throats.- Sara Warren*--->Student Two please respond 50 word minimum <---*A time when culture significantly influenced the way scientific research was conceptualized is actually in the present with more research being conducted on the effects/benefits of cannabis and CBD products.  Due to the legalization of this drug culture and science have more awareness and openness towards this once negatively viewed drug.Examples of how our American individualistic culture shapes our interpretation and application of scripture could also have to do with the religious traditions that we were raised with. For example in the Mexican culture, Catholics have high regard towards "The Virgen de Guadalupe." In addition in our Hispanic  family we were raised to go to church every Sunday and all major holidays this is something that is practiced in our culture.I believe that the main Christian beliefs may be the same as those found in Africa, Asia or Europe. However the way that they specifically practice and where may be different depending on the country. God and his message may be the same in other areas with a few differences among them.In order to minimize the influence of our culture on our understanding of scientific and religious truth we can try to be open to all presented viewpoints. Often we are so absorbed by the ideas and thoughts of our own culture and society that we failed to listen to and to adapt to other truths or viewpoints if needed. We can also speak with others who have views that differ so that we may gain a better understanding of how others may view their scientific and religious truths, and compare them to our own and adjust them if needed.-Adriana

1. Which is a common childhood fear associated with early school age?A. Fear of authorityB. Fear of thunder and lightningC. Fear of monsters and the darkD. Fear of strangers2. Lily, 4 is overly familiar with adults she never met before. One day she actually started leaving a store with a man who talk to her in a friendly way and didn’t look back when her mother called back to stop her. Given this information, Lily might haveA. reactive attachment disorderB. social anxiety disorderC. disinhibited social engagement disorderD. conduct disorder3. In adolescents, the most common comorbid association with depression include all of the following, exceptA. Intellectual disabilitiesB. substances and eating disorderC. ADHDD. behavior disorder4. Which of the following is true regarding childhood depression?A. Females exhibit more depressive symptoms than males at this age.B. Symptoms include poor academic, irritability, and poor social skillsC. Male exhibits more depressive symptoms than females at this ageD. Parenting is not related to depression at this age level5. Carey had separation anxiety disorder as a child. In her teens, what disorder is she most vulnerable to?A. Panic attacksB. Obsessive compulsive disorderC. Social phobiaD. Generalized anxiety order6. Which of the following is not among the disorders that are reported to be comorbid with obsessive compulsive disorder?A. Tourette’sB. ADHDC. Disruptive behavior disordersD. Bipolar disorder7. It has been found that 82% of children with OCD have families high inA. expressed motionB. passive parenting styleC. maternal influenceD. authoritarian parenting style8. Marcy, 7, fears that something dreadful will happen to her mother if she leaves home. She refuses to go to school and is having nightmares, so she can’t sleep alone. Marcy most likely suffers fromA. generalized anxiety disorderB. panic disorder with agoraphobiaC. social phobiaD. separation anxiety disorder9.  Which of the following did Kovac and colleagues (1988) discover about the depressed children in their longitudinal study?A. If children has conduct disorder as well as depression, the conduct disorder remained, but the depression dissipated as they go older.B. Children who has depression earlier grew out of it in their teens.C. Long-term outcomes for children with depression and conduct disorder were no different than outcomes for children with depression without conduct disorder.D. Almost one quarter of their sample had evidence of combined depression and conduct disorder by the time the study was completed.10. What are the three most common comorbid disorders for children with depression?A. PTSD, panic disorder, and OCDB. Bipolar disorder, learning disorder, and anxiety disordersC. Behavior disorders, ADHD, and anxiety disordersD. ADHD, social phobia, and anxiety disorder11. In the 1970’s, the prevailing concept of depression in children was thatA. children experienced anaclitic depression because of a lack of contact comfortB. depression in children was temporaryC. children’s brain are simply too inexperienced to be depressed.D. depression in children was demonstrated as a wasting away or marasmus.12. Choose the correct example of selective mutism.A. Rayvon’s teacher says, “He hears only what he wants to hear.”B. Carlotta, 5, is developmentally normal but has not begun speaking yet.C. Jenny is extremely reluctant, even unwilling, to speak in public.D. A brain injury left left Greg unable to make speech sound13. In their comparative study of social phobias in teens and adults, Hoffman and colleagues foundA. no evidence to support the idea of phobia subtypesB. like adults, teens also experienced the generalized subtype of social phobiaC. like adults, teens rated informal speaking as more fearful than formal speaking.D. teens who experienced a speaking phobia were likely to have a comorbid disorder14. Compared to adults, children with obsessive compulsive disorder are more likely to engageA. in obsessions rather than compulsions.B. classmates in ritualists playC. family members in their ritualsD. In safety rituals15. What are the four systems for subtyping bipolar disorderA. Age of onset, nature of episodes, clinical phenotypes, and comorbid associationB. Intensity of symptoms, length of cycles, clinical phenotypes, and comorbid associationC. Family history, response to previous treatment, purity of episodes, and ability to control behaviorD. Age of onset, family history, intensity of symptoms, and length of cycles16. Which of the following has been implicated in the etiology of obsessive compulsive disorder?A. Under-activation of the caudate nucleiB. Low levels of serotoninC. Above-average intelligenceD. left-handedness17. Which of the following disorders appears under Disorders First Diagnosed in Infancy and Childhood in the DSM-IV-TR?A. Type ll DiabetesB. Obsessive compulsive disorderC. Separation anxiety disorderD. Specific phobia18. Which of the following parental factors increase the risk for child maltreatment?A. GenderB. Religious affiliationC. PovertyD. Race19. What an important feature of the temper outbursts shown in disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?A. They happens only when the child wakes upB. They happen only at homeC. They occur once a week or soD. They’re developmentally inappropriate20. According to Ollendick and King, the best treatment for phobic disorders in children involvesA. participant modeling and reinforced practice.B. replacement and displacementC. anti-anxiety medications and cognitive therapyD. denial and hypnosis