Discuss History of Proton Therapy.

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Write 21 pages with APA style on History of Proton Therapy. When the beam leaves the electric field region, it enters the magnetic field region. It is bent 180 degrees, then renters the electric field region at the correct time to be accelerated in the opposite direction. As the charged particle energy increases, so does the radius of the path of the particle. When the power is sufficient, the particle is extracted from the cyclotron. If a cyclotron whose beam extraction energy is constant, the beam is then directed to an energy degrader and selection system. The electric field goes through 1 cycle (or multiple) for each particle revolution – this is the “cyclotron frequency” of the RF accelerating voltage. The oscillating electric field’s angular frequency is given by ω = qBIm, where q is proton charge, B is magnetic field strength, and m is proton mass.&nbsp.

The accelerating RF voltage and the protons will get out of synchronization (and limit the maximum energy) unless the frequency of the RF field decreases or the magnetic field increases.

The “synchrocyclotron” and the “isochronous cyclotron” were developed to address this problem. The synchrocyclotron varies the frequency of the accelerating voltage to track the relativistic effects. The accelerator at the Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory was a synchrocyclotron, which used a rotating condenser to vary the RF angular frequency. One result of this scheme is that only photons that arrive at the accelerating gaps at the right time are accelerated – this creates a pulsed time structure in the extracted proton beam. Because the accelerating frequency is variable in a synchrocyclotron, it is no longer necessary to use high-accelerating voltages used in cyclotrons. In the isochronous cyclotron, the magnetic field increases to compensate for the relativistic mass effects. The extracted proton beam is constant and not pulsed or bunched.

Synchrotrons:

Synchrotrons are circular ring devices where protons travel in vacuum pipes under the influence of magnets positioned around the circle’s circumference. Acceleration is achieved by the application of RF fields in an accelerating cavity located in the ring. The magnetic fields must be increased synchronously with the acceleration to keep the particles constrained in the constant radius path. A variety of beam focusing schemes can constrain the beam size, which will affect the size and expense of the magnetic elements controlling the beam.&nbsp.

how to improve china’s international trade.

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Compose a 1750 words assignment on how to improve china’s international trade. Needs to be plagiarism free! International trade in China nowadays is the most developed form of international contacts. The Chinese international turnover during the years of reforms has grown from $10 billion in 1978 to $325 billion in 1997 (the positive balance equals to more than $40 billion). By the international trade volume China now takes the third place in the world, with its export and import in 2005 equaling to $1422.1 billion. (Lloyd 2006, p. 389) More than 220 countries have international trade relations with China, among which are USA, Japan, European Union, Korea, Taiwan, Russia, Australia and

pose a 1750 words assignment on how to improve china’s international trade. Needs to be plagiarism free! International trade in China nowadays is the most developed form of international contacts. The Chinese international turnover during the years of reforms has grown from $10 billion in 1978 to $325 billion in 1997 (the positive balance equals to more than $40 billion). By the international trade volume China now takes the third place in the world, with its export and import in 2005 equaling to $1422.1 billion. (Lloyd 2006, p. 389) More than 220 countries have international trade relations with China, among which are USA, Japan, European Union, Korea, Taiwan, Russia, Australia and Canada. On July 1st, 2004 China adopted a new law ‘About International Trade’. With the aim of stimulating the international trade, this law has replaced the regime of considering and registering the right for carrying out external economic operations for the simple system of registration, and there have been created strict regulations, relating to import and export of goods and technologies, international service trade, international trade order, as well as the protection of copyright according to the abovementioned order. (Garnaut & Song 2005, p. 27)

The dependence of Chinese economy on the international trade has grown significantly, which witnesses about its deep involvement into the world international ties and processes. Though China takes the third place in the world economy by the international trade volume, its weight in it can still become higher. The main obstacle for this is the low quality of the bigger portion of the goods, produced by the processing industry, which don’t survive the rivalry of the similar products on the world market, and the absence of possibilities for increasing the raw materials export. The main task of the Chinese export policy is the providing of import financing, which is built with the account of the international conjuncture. The main efforts are directed at stimulating predominant growth of finished goods’ export with the growing portion of science-heavy products. these processes are accompanied by achieving the quality of goods, which will correspond to the international quality standards. Considerable growth has been achieved in the total volume of finished goods’ export, which by the beginning of 90s constituted already 2/3 of the Chinese export.

The first place in export (50%) belongs to the consumer goods, among which clothes, shoes, toys, etc. An important place in the international trade of China is taken by the raw materials processing with the further export of the finished products – it constitutes about 50% of the total country’s turnover. China is the leader in exporting textiles and silk. Textile industry is the main source of foreign income for China. (Kent 2002, p. 344)

Less than 20% of export accounts for machine building and electro technical products. The growth of the specific gravity of these products in the world export is being restricted by the fact, that their quality is not competitive with that of other suppliers. The portion of Chinese machine building in the world export does not exceed 0.3%. (Manilla Bulletin 2005, p. 12)

The structure of the international trade in China was described here to decide, what challenges are set in front of Chinese economy and foreign trade as the essential part in its development.

quantitative design

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Here is a brief summary of the data collection plan of a fictitious study.  Read the summary and then respond to the questions that follow.

Discuss woolworth takeover david jones.

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Compose a 1500 words assignment on woolworth takeover david jones. Needs to be plagiarism free! During the last four years, the David Jones Limited company’s financial position has been weakened as a result of continuously decreasing total sales (from $2,053.1 million in 2010 to $1,845.0 million in 2013) (David Jones Ltd. 2013). Dividends payout also has decreased significantly indicating on worsening financial position of the company (David Jones Ltd. 2013). In spring 2014 the company has announced the takeover proposal to acquire all issued David Jones shares at A$4.00 cash per share by Woolworths Holdings Limited (Chairman’s Letter to Shareholders – WHL Proposal, 2014). In July 2014, there appeared public information that the takeover has been completed.

The purpose of this report is to analyze critically response of David Jones Ltd. to the issue of its takeover by Woolworth with a particular focus made on the attributes of factors that influence and/or characterize the communication process in the organization. Based on the findings of both primary and secondary research there will be provided recommendations on how the communication process of the company could be improved.

Issue (issue and company’s response)

Internal and External communication practices in David Jones

David Jones has standardized its communication practices, has identified four key stakeholders engaged in the communication process. These key stakeholders include employees, customers, suppliers, and shareholders (David Jones Limited 2013). As these four categories of stakeholders play different roles in the organization, the techniques and methods for communication are also different. For example, while communicating internally with its employees, the company: launches awareness campaigns. publishes audits, reports, scorecards (depends on the issue communicated). and uses internal communications channels.

For communicating with suppliers, the company holds regular agent/vendor meetings in September and October each year.

In addition to the above mentioned internal communication methods, there are external communication procedures applied in the company. These procedures are briefly discussed below.