Write 2 pages with APA style on Advantages of Induced Pluripotent Stem cell research. Advantages of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Research Stem cells are undifferentiated or naïve cells that are capable of developing into other types of cells. These are broadly categorized into embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are “pluripotent”, having the capacity to develop into any of the specialized cells in the body (e.g. heart, muscle, and retina), thereby providing unlimited potential for cell and regenerative therapies (Pera, Reubinoff and Trounson). Adult stem cells come from adult tissues. These are called multipotent. they can differentiate only to limited types, usually to the same tissues from whence they came from. A very important breakthrough came two years ago with the discovery that adult multipotent adult stem cells can be induced, by the addition of transcription factors, to convert into pluripotent cells (Takahashi, Tanabe and Ohnuki). These cells came to be known as induced pluripotent stem cells or iPS cells.

Research of iPS cell technology must be promoted because of the many advantages of using iPS cells compared to the other stem cell types. The first major advantage is the use of somatic tissues instead of embryos as sources. Various types of somatic tissues can be used as sources of iPS cells for the repair of damaged tissues (Yu, Vodyanik and Smuga-Otto). Patient-derived somatic cells can produce patient-specific iPS cells that contain the patient’s genetic information. When these iPS cells are used in transplantation to replace diseased cells, the risk for rejection is reduced. Immune rejection is a problem in the use of embryonic stem cells (de Wert and Mummery). Another potential application is to use the iPS cells for constructing specific disease models and screening for effective drugs (Yamanaka). The potential therefore is high for healing degenerative and chronic diseases like cystic fibrosis, chronic heart problems, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and many more (Yamanaka).

The advantage of using somatic cells as sources for iPS cells leads to another advantage, which is the removal of the major ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells. Ethical and moral issues have hounded stem cell research since its potential applications were discovered, most concerning the use of 4-5 day old embryos as sources of embryonic stem cells. Since the embryos die upon the isolation of stem cells, the main ethical questions centered on life and its beginnings. Other issues were on obtaining stem cells from pre-implantation embryos, and if this is the case, are spare embryos to be used or should embryos for stem cells be created through cloning (de Wert and Mummery).

The discovery of iPS was well-received and met with the expectation that the newer technology will remove the ethical questions that surround embryonic stem cells. This is quite true considering that sources are somatic cells from adult sources. However, based on the proceedings of an international workshop conducted in Spain last summer, it appears that there are new dimensions to the social, legal and ethical aspects of the technology (University of Alberta). The new issues were specifically about intellectual property rights, clinical translation, consent, and privacy of donors and recipients. But these issues do not equal in magnitude the ethical concerns that were raised with the use of embryonic stem cells, and therefore can be through policy development (University of Alberta).

Currently, research on sources, applications, and optimizations of iPS cells is advancing at a very rapid phase. Many obstacles need to be hurdled (reviewed in Yamanaka, 2009) before the clinical benefits can be met. A limitation shared with embryonic stem cells is the formation of teratomas or tumors when undifferentiated cells are introduced into the required cell types. This can be overcome developing protocols that induce complete differentiation into the desired type. Other limitations are the uncertainty in determining the complete reprogramming of somatic cells to the pluripotent state, and the possibility of activating introduced transgenes in the genome of iPS cells, because factors inducing iPS cells formation are introduced attached to viruses. These viruses when integrated into the patient’s genome can be activated and cause unforeseen harm.

IPS cell technology holds great biomedical potential and countless benefits for patients with no options but cell-based therapies. There is no doubt that the present limitations can be overcome because of the fast-paced research techniques and advanced tools available to the researcher.

References

de Wert, G and C. Mummery. “Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Research, Ethics And Policy.” Human Reproduction 18.4 (2003): 672-682, DOI: 10.1093/humrep/DEG143.

Pera, M, B Reubinoff and A. Trounson. “Human Embryonic Stem Cells.” Journal of Cell Science 113 (2000): 5-10.

Takahashi, K, et al. “Induction Of Pluripotent Stem Cells From Adult Human Fibroblasts By Defined Factors.” Cell (2007): doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019.

University of Alberta. “IPS Cells Raise New Ethical Questions In Stem Cell Debate.” 10 December 2009. Science Codex. 13 December 2009 .

Yamanaka, S. “A fresh look at iPS cells.” Cell 137 (2009): 13-17.

Yu, J, et al. “Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells.” Sciencexpress (2007): 1-8 www.sciencexpress.org / 20 November 2007 / Page 1 / 10.1126/science.1151526.

You will prepare and submit a term paper on Poverty is the worst social problem facing the United States today. Your paper should be a minimum of 500 words in length.

POVERTY Due paper Poverty Is the Worst Social Problem Poverty is the worst social problem being faced the United States today. Poverty, in its simplest terms, can be described as the lack of resources. Ellis-Christensen (n.d.) states, “Poverty may be defined by income only”. Poverty is an economic problem, which adversely affects the lives of people living in any specific part of the world. Some studies show that almost 925 million all over the world do not have access to food. Asia and the pacific is the region where nearly 580 million people live in a very poor condition having no access to quality food.

In the United States of America, Census Bureau found a significant increase in the rate of poverty. “The report said the percentage of Americans living below the poverty line last year, 15.1 percent, was the highest level since 1993” (Tavernise, 2011). In the United States of America, people usually face three major categories of poverty, which include extreme poverty, relative poverty, and moderate poverty. If we talk about extreme poverty, we can say that people in the condition of extreme poverty are the poorest people living in any part of the world who earn less than or equal to 1 dollar per day.

On the other hand, people in moderate poverty are somewhat in better condition. Harrack (2010) states, “People in moderate poverty generally have access to the basic necessities of life, but they do not have much if any disposable income beyond that”.The U.S. sociologists refer social class to economic position or social status of a person. The economic position indicates the social category of a person. Those people who are stable financially lie into the category of privileged social class whereas people having no proper source of income lie into the category of deprived or poor social class.

Shah (2011) states, “Problems of hunger, malnutrition and disease afflict the poorest in society”. The deprived or poor social class is the one, which is adversely affected by poverty. Such people do not get proper jobs, which can earn them high amounts of money. It is their poor condition of life, which makes them use illegal ways, such as, drug trafficking and crimes to earn money.The issue of poverty does not seem to be overcome in near future. Poverty existed in the past, still exists due to uneven economic graphs, and is likely to increase in future due to predicted recession.

One of the major changes in society due to poverty is the increase in the graph of child labor. It is a fact that poverty drives parents to make their children work. Unstable financial position of parents and less education contribute to the increase in the graph of child labor. In the United States of America, the number of people living below the official line of poverty is increasing every year and the dilemma is that no effort is being successful in bringing a decrease in the level of poverty.

Provision of low cost education is the only step, which can bring real improvement in the lives of people but education has become so much expensive that poor people cannot manage to provide proper education to their children. It is the responsibility of the government to take considerable steps to overcome the issue of poverty by providing low cost and high quality education to every child regardless of his/her social or financial status.ReferencesEllis-Christensen, T. (n.d.). What is Poverty?. Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-poverty.

htmHarack, B. (2010). How do we define poverty?. Retrieved from http://www.visionofearth.org/news/how-do-we-define-poverty/Shah, A. (2011). Causes of Poverty. Retrieved from http://www.globalissues.org/issue/2/causes-of-povertyTavernise, S. (2011). Soaring Poverty Casts Spotlight on ‘Lost Decade’. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/14/us/14census.