Compose a 2000 words assignment on criminal justice towards crime prevention, victim responsibility and the minimization of risk. Needs to be plagiarism free! The field of criminology has undergone numerous and radical changes since the beginning of the twentieth century to become the way it is today. In order to understand this shift and its effect on criminology, a brief history of criminology is imperative.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, criminology and criminal justice was a prerogative of the government only. Prior to the 1970s, criminal justice under the name “modern criminology” was characterized by the “penal welfarism” framework for dealing with criminals [Hall, 1978]. Under this approach, criminals were treated with humanity and decency and rehabilitating them was seen as the way to combat crime. In short, the penal welfare approach did not believe in punishing criminals, rather it used the foresaid correctional concept. Delinquents and criminals were regarded as unfortunate individuals who could benefit from societal and government support, and not as evil doers [Garland, 1985]. There were no general guidelines for dealing with criminals. each criminal act was handled individually. Criminologists were relied upon by the government to give expert advice on how to go about rehabilitating criminals, especially diagnostic treatment and penal sanctions [Taylor, Walton & Young, 1973]. Consequently, the penal welfare approach did not believe in punishing criminals.

During the 1970s people began to challenge the effectiveness of the modern criminology approach, especially based on the penal welfare system [Donzelot, 1979]. The radicalization process had begun and people argued that rehabilitation and correctional approach were a total failure in containing crime. These radicals wanted the criminal justice system to be more linked to society and concerned about the interests of the victims [Schur, 1974]. In the early 1990s, however, there was the emergence of the late modernity model in which, there were fixed guidelines for the sentencing of criminals, as opposed to&nbsp.sentencing criminals individually.&nbsp.

Need an research paper on the dimensions of psychological. Needs to be 5 pages. Please no plagiarism. The authors comment that the main way to possibly make this easier is to evaluate other multi-functional ways in order to help all students process the information in a number of different ways. Their suggestion is to offer visuals for learning.

Toward the beginning of the article, the authors assume what traditional teaching methods are when approaching how to teach psychology. These are merely assumptions and there is no supporting evidence as to what defines “traditional.” As many students are required to take courses in psychology, the differentiation of research methods and data collection is not fully defined until later in graduate school. The authors stress the importance of research methodology when teaching introductory psychology courses. They evaluate a series of textbooks to see if it is done properly.

Upon the authors’ research of 46 different psychology textbooks that are commonly used in psychology courses that were published between the years of 1986 and 1989, the group found that there was no uniformity between how the different authors of these textbooks presented information about research methodology. This would make it seem as though any student in any class may be getting different types of information about what research is. Of the textbooks covered, the authors discovered that research strategies were at least often outlined though it was usually in an appendix of the textbook rather than in the chapters of learning (Hendricks, et. al, 1990, p. 76).

Of these textbooks, the authors looked primarily at text headings when evaluating whether or not research methodology was covered. If it was only briefly mentioned, it was not classified as being material that was covered in the introductory psychology textbook. The amount of text that even covers the strategies of research was only minimally covered in these textbooks with anywhere from two pages covering the topic to a maximum of eighteen pages. This indicates that authors of many of these psychology books are not taking the initiative to fully introduce the information about research and the students just are not even grasping the concept.