You will prepare and submit a term paper on Hellenistic Civilization. Your paper should be a minimum of 2250 words in length. The Hellenistic era was marked by a new movement of Greek immigration and colonization, as differentiated from that taking place in the 8th to 6th centuries B.C., which formed Greek dominions and cities in Africa and Asia. These newly built cities were peopled by Greek settlers who originated from various areas of the Greek world, as previously, from a particular ‘mother city’ (Naiden 2013: 394). The major cultural capitals grew from inland Greece to Rhodes, Pergamon, and newly acquired Greek colonies like Alexandria, Antioch, and Seleucia. This mix of Greek-speaking people paved the way for a collective Attic-based language, called Hellenistic Greek, which developed into the Hellenistic civilization’s ‘lingua franca’ (Cartledge 2011: 38).

In the Hellenistic era, even though the cities were not autonomous anymore, as they were in the Hellenic period, they were the capitals of trade and commerce. It was in these cities that the progenies of the Greco-Macedonian conquistadors became an expert group of merchants, soldiers, and leaders, which created an economic and cultural connection all over the region, although political union failed to endure the demise of Alexander. Among the aristocrats or the ruling class of the Greek world, the established allegiance to the polis had made a commitment to the profession possible (Biers 1996: 74). Alexandria, the city established by Alexander, situated on the Mediterranean at the opening of the Nile, came to be the most famous capital of learning and trade. The library located in Alexandria became the reservoir for documenting a large number of the scientific and literary accomplishments of the period (Clarke 2008: 48).&nbsp. &nbsp.&nbsp.

The social and economic structure of the Hellenistic civilization, as well as the colonies it established throughout the Mediterranean, had numerous aspects similar to other agricultural communities. It is specifically similar to other civilizations wherein a conquering, hostile population settled down to agricultural communities. Hence, although 8th-century Greece relied certainly on agriculture, it had a ruling class dependent on ownership of huge manors and privileged position at the military (Clarke 2008: 72). Also, during this time a large number of farmers were autonomous, having their own areas of land and demanding some social and political privilege. However, in a general way, the Greek economy developed, especially as cities flourish and trade heightened. The social structure became consequently more intricate, and inequalities broadened (Maisels 1999: 97).

Complete 10 pages APA formatted article: Automotive Coil Spring. The coil spring is part of the suspension system and aids in the above functions. Coil springs absorb most of the shock that comes from the tire impacts from the road surface. For example, when the front wheel of a vehicle strikes a road irregular road surface and moves upward, the coil spring compresses and absorbs energy during the movement. It immediately dissipates the energy as the spring goes back to its original form. The shock absorbers are put in the front suspension system to inhibit the oscillations of the coil springs. Figure 1 in the appendix section shows an example of a coil spring.

Any spring, including torsion, leaf, or coil spring must compensate for the irregularities found in the road surface. There is no road surface that is regular no matter how it is smooth or well tarmacked. The coil spring also maintains the suspension system at a certain height that is already predetermined and supports the added weight in the automotive without excessive sagging that could cause damage to the car or the tires. Each of the above functions is extremely important in providing comfort for the occupants of the automotive as it moves. They also aid in the precise handling and load-bearing capability of the vehicle. These are three key areas that any person who considers buying a vehicle puts into consideration in terms of the automotive suspension system in a vehicle of choice.

Historically, the steel multi-leaf spring is the oldest and most widely used spring design. However, the coil spring has become a widely used spring design in the modern world. Its function can be better understood when visualized as a long, thin torsion bar that is made into a coil shape. The coil spring operates with the same principle as a torsion bar because of the bar twists during the spring’s compression and or extension cycles.