Screening for Diseases 5. If the OD ratio cutoff for tested positive is shifted from A to B the sensitivity will increase to the point where the all HIV infected individuals can be detected.

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Need an research paper on mph 504. Needs to be 2 pages. Please no plagiarism. Screening for Diseases 5. If the OD ratio cutoff for tested positive is shifted from A to B the sensitivity will increase to the point where the all HIV infected individuals can be detected. Although the test become more effective in identifying the affected individuals same time it causes high number of false positives rate. This can lead to undesirable psychological, social and health problems when healthy individuals are misdiagnosed as HIV infected.

When the OD ratio cutoff for tested positive is shifted from A to C the test become highly specific and nearly all the false positives can be eliminated. However this also eliminates high number of HIV infected individuals due to reduced sensitivity causing undesirable social and health problems (such as risk of spreading the disease and delay for the treatment). To overcome the problems of both extremes A is the most suitable OD ratio to establish the cutoff.

6. Director of Blood Bank: HIV is a deadly disease with no cure. Therefore the intention of screening the donated blood samples against HIV is to totally protect blood receivers from being infected with HIV. Therefore director of Blood Bank has to set the cut off where he can eliminate almost all the HIV infected blood samples. In other words he has to attain 100% sensitivity. Thereby he has to draw the cutoff line for OD ratio at B eliminating the risk of possible false negatives. However this decision dramatically reduces the specificity by increasing the number of false positives. This leads to rejection of higher number of healthy blood samples.

Investigator: The investigator needs to select high risk HIV infected individuals to test the efficacy of his potentially toxic antiviral drug through a clinical trial. Since the antiviral drug is potentially toxic he has to select only HIV infected individuals without any false positives. Consequently he has to achieve 100% specificity eliminating all false positive. In doing so he should draw the cutoff line for OD ratio at C. However as a result of this decision he has to reject high number of HIV infected individual who tested negative due to low sensitivity resulted from the newly defined cutoff. This makes him recruit a larger sample (than expected) to get the required number of eligible participants.

Euthanasia, cloning, abortion, gene therapy, organ donation, eugenics, blood tra

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Euthanasia, cloning, abortion, gene therapy, organ donation, eugenics, blood transfusions, vaccinations, surrogation, end-of-life issues, and physician-assisted suicide are a few of the bioethical issues facing society in healthcare. These issues affect every healthcare profession. An example of bioethical issues that eventually affect all of us are those associated with the end-of-life. It is wise to consider the use of advanced directives before one may be necessary. An advanced directive is a legal document that outlines specific details as to how an individual desires to have their wishes carried out on his/her behalf if they are no longer able to communicate and/or have died.
Instructions
For patients to be sure their expectations for end-of-life are carried out as they desire for their healthcare, it will be helpful for them to have a living will, documents for DNR (do not resuscitate) orders, and required forms for organ and tissue donation. For this assignment, create a summary paragraph discussing what each document is, the importance of each document, and reasons why each document might be used in healthcare. Also, discuss any ethical dilemmas that may be present if these documents are not created prior to a person’s incapacitation or death.
Create a 1-2 page summary providing details about each of the forms: living wills, DNR orders, and tissue and organ donation options.
Be sure to discuss the importance of each document with details of a description of each one, the importance of each one, and provide at least 1 reason with an example as to how these forms would be useful in healthcare.
Use original content.
All sources must be cited using APA format.

Implementation of Utility Savings and Cost-Effective Energy Sources.

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Hello, I am looking for someone to write an article on Implementation of Utility Savings and Cost-Effective Energy Sources. It needs to be at least 1250 words. Utility savings refers to the procedures put in place to reduce the energy consumption. Recently, there is an ongoing debate about the benefits of energy conservation. Due to the sudden increase in the world’s population, the demand for energy has also increased. Unfortunately, energy is an exhaustible resource whose reserves may run out. This has prompted various agencies to come up with policies that help in energy conservation. Utility conservation can be realized through the increase of efficient energy use as well as the use of other alternative forms of energy. Utility conservation results in the increased financial capital, national security and improves the environmental quality.

Currently, Venezuela is the largest supplier of oil and natural gases in the Western hemisphere. There has been an increase in the demand for this form of energy which threatens the security of this form of energy. However, there are various are various ways of conserving energy which includes the use of solar energy and appliances that help in conserving energy. A legislation on the conservation of energy will also include the adoption of building codes and tax policy that are aimed at conserving energy (Enerdata, 2010).

In the Western hemisphere, Venezuela has the second largest natural gas and the largest oil reserves. The country has largely invested in hydroelectric production which supplies the country with electrical power. It also has other sources of energy which include tar sands, crude oil as bitumen. Petroleos de Venezuela S.A is given the mandate to run as well as control the natural gas and oil reserves. The company contributes greatly to the economy through exports and providing employment for the citizens of Venezuela. However, after joining OPEC, the country has been forced to amend their energy ownership policies (Enerdata, 2010). The country heavily relies on its natural oil and gas reserves for energy production. This has led to significant oil pollution in the Caribbean coast. In the Western Hemisphere, Venezuela is the largest carbon dioxide emitter.&nbsp.