Reply to:The insanity defense is used as a plea in court cases when a defendant does not want to be held criminally responsible for the alleged act. In legal terms, if the defendant has had a lack of mental capacity or didn’t understand right from wrong, or was unable to conform their conduct to the requirements of the law, they may be found not guilty due to insanity (Meynen, 2021). The standard used by juries has changed with different eras seen in our society. This can be true when looking at current-day measures and those of the past.It is complex that the insanity defense criteria have changed throughout history. There has been much debate over whether it is justified for this to be used in court. The question of how to define insanity was always a challenge, and some cases were questionable. While some people thought there were legitimate reasons to prove why it should be used, others argued against it because they felt some mental illnesses were not trustworthy in a court case. This conflict shows us that differences in society are a part of our world and that people will always disagree on specific issues no matter what.The changing criteria for the insanity defense tell us that society’s attitudes toward mental illness have changed even more than our attitudes toward crime. A person who commits a violent offense today is more likely to be held accountable for their actions and less likely to be acquitted of insanity (VanDercar & Resnick 2018). Modern medicine allows us to view mental illness differently, and our prison system has evolved too.

Research Topic: How does maternal stress during pregnancy impact the cognitive development of a child?Obtain a peer-reviewed quantitative research article. Use APA format to reference your research article. You may select an article that is relevant to your literature review.The following list of questions may be used as a basis for evaluating a research article. This is not a set model but an outline to help evaluate published research. Your evaluation should include a cover page and at least 2-3 pages in length. Make sure you cite your source accordingly.What is the problem?Is it significant?Is it properly delimited?Is it clearly described or implied?Are assumptions and limitations recognized?What is the independent variable?What is the dependent variable?Are the independent and dependent variables stated in the article title?What is/are the hypothesis/hypotheses?Are hypotheses made explicit?Are hypotheses clear?Does the study have practical or theoretical value?Does the hypothesis lend itself to empirical testing?Can data be obtained?What are the methods or procedure?Is the method appropriate to the hypothesis? Explain why.If the method is no appropriate to the hypothesis, explain what might have been a better approach, and why.Do procedures follow an orderly, logical sequence? Explain.Is there evidence of review of previous studies to indicate context of this study in related body of knowledge?Are research procedures described in detail to permit verification or replication?What information is provided about the participants?How many subjects participated in the study?Are the participants studied a representative case sample?What evidence is given about sampling techniques?Are there sufficient numbers of participants for observation?Was approval to conduct the study obtained? From whom?Did participants sign an informed consent?What source of data is identified?Are data-gathering devices appropriate? Could other instruments be used?Are measuring devices valid and reliable?Are sufficient amounts and appropriate kinds of data obtained?How is the data recorded?How are the data analyzed?What logical consequences were deduced from the hypothesis?Was an appropriate significance test applied to the findings?What was the nature of the analysis? (verbal description, statistical manipulation, tables of frequency counts, etc.)What important conclusions are presented?Were the conclusions sound according to the data?Did the conclusions conform to good logic; were they internally consistent, free from self-contradiction?What are the positive aspects of this research?What are the negative aspects of this research?How do you evaluate the written report?Is the style clear, objective, and readable?Is the article long enough to adequately cover the topic?Are the tables and/or figures helpful in clarifying the information?Could the research have been improved to control for the effects of extraneous variables?Were there threats to external validity?Were there threats to internal validity?Was there research bias evident?Using your professional expertise, reflect on how this research article may be used in your field.