Complete 6 pages APA formatted article: Describe Gick and Holyoak’s (1980) Experiment 4 and assess its contribution to the study of problem solving. Use another empir. The solution to the problem was contained in the story. In experiment 1, 2 and 3, the subjects were given the hint of using the story to solve the problem and this produced systematic results when the experiment was repeated. In experiment 4 where the hint was omitted the there was a lower percentage of the subject succeeding in solving the problem. It was thus concluded that the hint was a crucial point in solving of the radiation problem. From this experiment, Gick and Holyoak discovered the conditions that are necessary in creating positive transfers of the story analogue used in solving radiation problems. When the experimental subjects were given analogue and were required to compare the similarities between the two analogs before being given the radiation problem, there was positive transfer from the story analogs to the solving of the radiation problem (Marshall 1995). Comparing two analogs assisted the subject in creating a solid schema that was used in solving new problems (Gick and Holyoak 1980). This paper gives a description of experiment 4 and the contributions it has made to the study of problem solving. Description of Experiment 4 In this experiment, the entire subject was given two story analogs. Four different stories were used where the subjects were either given two stories from the same domain either the fire fighter or the military domain. They could also be from different domains. The conditions that all the subjects were subjected were similar. The subjects were required to describe the analogs similarities. It was however discovered that there was no correlation between the analog similarities and solutions frequencies. The descriptions of the subjects were also studied for schema quality. It was observed that the subjects said that the diagrams that had been presented to them illustrated a similarity between the analogs (Runco & Pritzker 1999). These subjects were labeled as having goof schemas (Mandl & Levin 1989). It was observed that people who had been given interpretive diagrams of the analogs had a higher score in creating good schemas compared to those who did not receive any diagrams. It was observed that in cases of dissimilar analogs where the subjects were given tree diagrams, there was a high tendency to create good schemas. The creations of good schema correlated with higher frequencies in problems solving (Davidson 2003). This was not the same to similar analogs where good schema did not translate to high frequency of solutions. Gick and Holyoak contribution to the study of problem solving Gick and Holyoak studies showed that analogical reasoning is a process where knowledge is mapped from the source domain to the problem situations. Solving of the radiation problem required that the subjects draw some similarities and create a schema that relates the source and the target domain. The result from this experiment showed that analogical reasoning is dependent on two factors. One is the ability of recognize the problem situation such as in the case of creating a convergence schema. The other condition is creating a well arranged schema depending on prior knowledge (Gick and Holyoak 1980). It is thus seen that the prior knowledge that a person has about a certain problem is crucial in developing a working solution.

I will pay for the following article Brazil : the political-social-economic context (with reference to tourism). The work is to be 12 pages with three to five sources, with in-text citations and a reference page. Brazil is a country that is located in South America and it is by size the largest when compared to other South and Latin American countries.It is so much diversified in wildlife, natural resources and natural ecosystems which make it rank 17 among other countries that take a large number of tourists in the world. This diversity can be attributed to its friendly climate that supports various forms of life. In terms of size and the number of people living in Brazil, it takes position five globally. Over 193 million people live in Brazil. It was colonized by Portuguese for several decades from 1500 up to 182 when it gained its independence. It is located along Longitudes 28 and 74 degrees West. and latitude 6 and 34 degrees south. It has a total area of 8,514.876.599 km2 of both land and water. It has 55,455 km2 covered by water. A unique feature in its location is that it has its territories extending beyond the tropics and it lies on the equator. It is the only country with this feature in the world. It is made of hills, plains, highlands and mountains making its topography very diverse. In terms of elevation it is between 200 and 800 metres. It has 8 drainage systems, making it one of the countries in the globe with a very extensive river system. All these drains take their water to the Atlantic ocean. It houses the world’s second longest river. Amazon also has the largest volume of water in the world. Other rivers include Parana, Xingu, Negro, and Sao Francisco among others. Climate It has one of the best tropical climatic conditions in the world giving it an ability to support diverse lives on earth. Although to some little extent, the country experiences semiarid, temperate, sub tropical and equatorial conditions giving rise to the presence of equatorial rain forests, semi arid deserts, tropical savannas and temperate coniferous forests in the country. neighbouring countries On the East side of Brazil is bound by Atlantic ocean which stretches for 7,491 km. On the Northern side Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana and Guyana are located. It’s bordered by Bolivia & Peru. and Colombia on the West and north west respectively. Paraguay and Argentina are located on the South West of Brazil. It so big that it shares its border with all other South American countries with exception of two countries. namely Chile and Ecuador. key development regions Brazil is known for its great role in the formation of United Nations, Latin Union, Union of South American Nations, and G20 among other organizations or associations which bring several countries together for common pursuits. Political (Max 300 words) It is a potential super power, although currently it can be well referred to as a middle powerful country in the world. Its government is devolved with three centres for exercised of power namely State, Municipality and Federal district. Citizenship, human dignity, Sovereignty of the nation and people, freedom of enterprise and labour system based on social values, and political pluralism are core components of the sovereignty of Brazil. The constitutions established existence of executive, legislative and judiciary which is under check to ensure no imperialism exists in the exercise of power. There is independence of executive and legislative spheres of the government. At state, municipality and district, both legislative and executive has representation. The judiciary only exists at federal and district levels. To be a member of the judiciary, there are entry exams which an individual must do and pass. On the other hand, one has to be elected by people in order to qualify for an executive and legislative position in the country.