Need help with my writing homework on Population geographies. Write a 500 word paper answering; Urbanization and Emergence of Global Cities The modern world is currently experiencing an unprecedented urban growth. The movement of people or goods is the major characteristic of the present globalized world. Researchers point out that in 2008, more than half of the total world’s population resided in cities and towns. However, this figure will swell to about 5 billion people. Urbanization is mostly concentrated in Asia and Africa. As such, this paper will analyze urbanization and the emergence of global cities.

Population shift movement from one locality area to another has been a major element in the spread of knowledge, technology and culture. This movement is often termed as migration. Population movement is categorized under the micro and macro levels. Macro migration refers to the movement of people from one country to another while micro refers to people moving from one region or area to another. A population movement is as a result of the pull (voluntary) and pushes (non-voluntary) factors. While major cities are a focal point of public attention, urbanization will be concentrated in the smaller cities, which have inadequate resources to cater for the needs of the new urban population. In most countries, the total number of urban dwellers continues to swell at a higher rate than the cities’ or towns’ capacities to provide water, jobs, sanitation, houses, and other essential services.

The UN states that the unemployment rate of immigrants in urban areas is higher than in rural areas. It is only about 40% of the immigrants who have access to good jobs. Consequently, many people are forced to fend for themselves by entering the informal sector, or turning to crime and prostitution. Due to high unemployment levels, some of the urban dwellers are forced to build their houses since they cannot afford to pay rent. These shanties give rise to slums within the urban environment. Slums lack sewerage, waste disposal and water facilities.

Accessibility of clean water in the urban areas is a necessity everywhere. Unlike in developed countries where the urban population has access to clean water, third world countries lack this basic need or commodity. In Africa, 26 % of the urban population has access to clean water. 29% of the Asian urban population has access to clean water whereas, in South America, only a paltry 12% have access to clean water.

The movement of people from rural to urban areas (mostly in developing countries) is among the most common visible trends today. According to the United Nations data, 60% of the world’s population will be urbanized by the year 2025. This will result in the creation of mega cities or towns with a huge population of more than ten million people. These movements can be caused by pull factors. For example, urban areas offer a more conducive environment for resolving or tackling both environmental and social problems. Unlike rural areas, cities and towns offer good education and healthcare services. These pull factors contribute to the urbanization trend.

The pace of urbanization will only be reduced by empowering women, lowering poverty and providing quality services to the rural population (McCarthy, 2005). As a result of urbanization, cities have turned to be interconnected. These cities have transformed from isolated towns or areas to an integrated community, ruled by cultural, ecological and economic interdependencies. Global cities have been fuelled by technological networking, global communication and the ever expanding transport routes and systems. The transformation of cities into global cities has impacted the urban population mostly positively. The UNFPA is tasked with designing policies that can address various needs of different demographic groups in towns and cities especially in developing countries.

Work Cited

McCarthy, Linda Mary, and Paul Leslie Knox. Urbanization: An introduction to urban geography. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005.Print.

Need help with my writing homework on Barriers to nursing profession. Write a 500 word paper answering; BARRIERS TO NURSING PROFESSION Over the last decade, nursing profession has witnessed the number of male nurses increase. However, men still comprise a very small fraction in the nursing profession. Nursing is still the occupation that has been dominated greatly by the women. Many people view the women as being ‘naturally suited’ for the profession. This bias has been contributed by a lot of factors, historically. the first nurses were men and not women. Ironically, women are the ones who have made enormous strides in a profession that was previously dominated by men, while there has been an opposite movement of men in the profession (Butts & Rich, 2011). This has inhibited the growth of nursing as knowledge based profession.

Nursing is considered as a role that is permanently natural for women. single sex occupation. Therefore, it is identified as a profession that is deeply fixed in the society’s gender based power relations. Women established nursing. it fits the stereotypical ‘feminine’ picture with characteristics of gentleness, nurturing, and caring as opposed to the masculine traits of aggression, strength, and dominance (Giele, et al. 2003). These are the reasons as to why occupations that require these qualities are exclusively considered suited to women, they have gone further and labeled them ‘women work’. Strong stereotypical boundaries that concerns feminine and masculine behavior has been presented to men by the society. Men that dare to choose nursing as a career, face the danger of challenging the gender roles and stereotypes that are defined by the tradition. Economic, political, and social systems enhance these stereotypes. Men who choose careers viewed to be feminine like nursing are always discriminated against are always subject to criticism from the public. Some people have a difficulty of accepting the image of men as gentle, compassionate, and caring. Men fear challenging the stereotypical image of nursing in the society. These characteristics are not essential attribute in the social and biological of the sexes, they are just cultural constructs that are reinforced by the social activities that are associated with being female or male.

Nursing image has traditionally been supported using symbols like the angle, sex symbol, doctor’s handmaiden, and, commonly, nurses as women. These pictures are based on women values and attributes, have been utilized by mass communication and interpersonal, strengthening the stereotypes of women being the nurses. This is also reinforced by excluding men in any promotional materials or recruiting processes that involves nursing profession.

A stereotype that is also common for the men who choose nursing as a career is that they are gay or effeminate (Butts & Rich, 2011). In order to be a nurse, the society assumes that female attributes like capacity to serve, understand and share the feelings of another, and nature are required. Therefore, it is a must that men who are nurse to be ‘feminine’ and are viewed as gay. This forms a big obstacle to the heterosexual men who may wish to pursue the nursing career.

Many people view nursing as an extension of the role of a woman in the society, as a result, many people view the profession as a low value occupation. The low pay, economic status and the value that the profession has as compared to the other male dominated professions has also resulted men to be underrepresented in nursing.

References

Butts, J. B., & Rich, K. L. (2011). Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Giele, J. Z., & Stebbins, L. F. (2003).&nbsp.Women and equality in the workplace: A reference handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif [u.a.: ABC-CLIO.