Part 1: Using the assigned reading and your own research, write a 500-word paper that defines the three levels of risk tolerance (risk-averse, risk-neutral, and risk-seeking). Include the following in your discussion. Provide a real-world organization that is an example of each level of risk tolerance. Include the company name and industry for each. Include […]
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Need an research paper on hw2. Needs to be 2 pages. Please no plagiarism. Bacteria The significant difference in structure between the gram positive and the gram negative bacteria is that the gram-positive has a peptidoglycan cell wall, while the gram-negative has a protein coat covering the peptidoglycan layer.
2.
a. Anthrax is a human disease caused by a prokaryotic organism known as Bacillus anthracis. This is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic, bacteria (http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp (ID).
b) The organism has various features of its life cycle that makes it successful as a disease-causing organism. These include: the ability to undergo mutation, very fast reproduction, and resistant parts called endospores for surviving extreme climatic conditions.
Bacteria have the ability to develop resistance to antibiotics making the use of such drugs ineffective. Antibiotics resistance is a situation whereby an antimicrobial drug ceases to have effect in stopping or killing such microorganisms. Refereeing to antimicrobial, they are substance, both natural and synthetic as well as disinfectants that have the ability to kill or hindering the reproduction of microorganisms.
Before the antibiotic drugs were discovered in the 1940s, there were many deaths arising from sexually transmitted diseases and infections such as tuberculosis. The new drugs enabled the fighting of the diseases possible, however, over time. some of the germs have developed resistance to the drugs.
Causes of antibiotic resistance
The most common causes are the inappropriate use or overuse of drugs such as antibiotics in the treatment of people and animals. The germs continuously adapt to their environments and have the ability to develop the characteristics that are similar to those of others. In using antibiotics, only the weak bacteria are killed while the stronger and more resistant ones survive and continue to multiply. Any germ that successfully develops resistance to a particular drug has the potential of developing resistance to other antibiotics as well, referred to as cross-resistance.
There has also been developed a link between the administering of drugs to animals the development of resistance in humans. Often, the food producing animals are administered some drugs so as to prevent infections and boost food production in the agri-food industry. Even the products of plants also get into contact with the chemicals when sprayed to help in the control of or preventing diseases. Through this, the resistance problem is transferred to the products such as milk and fruits. The most common example is Salmonella that can be transferred from the animals to humans via the food chain.
The other causative agent of resistance is inappropriate diagnosis that leads to inappropriate prescription or failing to take the drugs as prescribed, for instance, failing to complete a dosage. The other challenge and possibility of the drug-resistant germs getting into the country is through the imported foodstuffs or international travel.
3. Antibiotics are used in the killing of bacteria that have managed to make it past our immune system. However, the antibiotics are selective poison. only kills the desired bacteria and never the cells in the body. An example is the ear infection whereby inflammation occurs as a result of the action of the natural immune system. Due to the pain, an antibiotic is taken to eliminate the inflammation. The other example is the ability of an antibiotic to inhibit the ability of a bacterium to turn glucose into energy or to construct its cell wall. Due to this, instead of reproducing, the bacterium dies.
Works Cited
Bacillus anthracis. Accessed online on 13th, April, 2015 from: http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp.
Write a 4 pages paper on strategic leadership for organizational improvement. Lastly, the paper would provide potential barriers and opportunities for a driving force that could help bring change. The Current Situation: The organization that has been selected is Al Marfaq Hospital which is situated in Abu Dhabi. Many officials claim that most parts of the Al Marfaq hospital do not have the same level of medical standards as the rest of the government hospitals (Khalaf). The competence level of Al Marfaq is different from others in that its management and its standard of quality for treatment is not the same. Doctors with quality of the expertise and experience also vary in this hospital which is governed by government officials. However, UAE has been rated as the second most frequently visited country for medical tourism by World Bank. The mortality rate of cardiovascular disease in the whole UAE has risen up to 28% due to the fact that there are not many facilities regarding the cure of the disease. Accordingly, Al Marfaq is also a hospital that is having difficulties to lower mortality rate for cardiovascular diseases. The number of doctors that take care of that particular disease is comparatively lower and not highly qualified as other specialist doctors (Oxford Business Group). The doctors that are hired by officials for treating the disease are mostly foreigners that have come a long way from their countries and have become permanent. Due to this fact, other local doctors are de-motivated for not being supported by their own government. Public hospitals have been providing the treatment for free of cost for their UAE residents but this hospital charges are a particular cost for the overseas people without giving them any kind of discounts. These overseas people had to travel a long distance for their treatment but expenses are too high for them to afford. Administration issue has been a debate for a long period of time and has not been rectified (Oxford Business Group). The management lacks a guideline or a code through which a hospital could be run. It may become harmful for hospital in the long run. The lack of leadership is also a concern for institution as government has failed to design strategies that could help improve their managerial problems (Khalaf). Analyzing the situation: The main issue for this public hospital is the management problem due to which these issues have been erupting. As there are no such guidelines for the recruitment of medical doctors, therefore, the administration is hiring foreigners for the job which creates dissatisfaction amongst the local people. There is no quota system defined that could help the management in making decisions for the recruitment. No proper guideline has also been the major reason for no coordination of public hospitals with each other which is the reason why this hospital does not have any kind of collaboration. This also raises the fact that there is no collaboration and practices of government hospitals vary from one another (Oxford Business Group). Even though the medical tourism is on its verge in UAE, expenses for the people coming from overseas has risen in recent years which has prevented people from visiting UAE. This is because the government does not provide any support to overseas people but it only cares of its local people.
Preparation Review the readings you have completed for Units 1-3, along with the articles you have collected for each unit. You will use these to support your work on this assignment. Assignment Requirements Complete the following: Evaluate the role of systems thinking in terms of holistic thinking and interdependence in complex organizations. Analyze the challenges […]
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