research paper on cell structure (bio slp mod 1). Needs to be 2 pages. Please no plagiarism. Cell Structure -Deep-water Horizon Oil Spill Cell Structure -Deep-water Horizon Oil Spill Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell

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Need an research paper on cell structure (bio slp mod 1). Needs to be 2 pages. Please no plagiarism. Cell Structure -Deep-water Horizon Oil Spill Cell Structure -Deep-water Horizon Oil Spill Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell

The cell is the building unit in living organisms both simple and complex. Consequently living things can be broadly classified into prokaryotes or eukaryotes depending on their cell structure. These two groups differ by their subcellular structure where eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles, while prokaryotes lack these organelles. Eukaryotic cell, therefore, contain complex structures formed by internal membranes and cytoskeleton whereas, prokaryotic cells are simple with less complex structured organelles. Theorists postulate that prokaryotes were the only form of life for millions of years before eukaryotes come into being through evolution. Additionally, the majority of prokaryotes are unicellular with an exception of a few such as cyanobacteria while eukaryotes are multicellular.

Archaea

These are single-celled prokaryotic organisms that differ from bacteria and eukaryota in many ways. Their size and shape resemble that of bacteria but contain genes and metabolic processes similar to those in eukaryotes. Unlike bacteria, some archaea have irregular shapes.

Nitrifying bacteria

These are prokaryotic organisms that derive their energy from inorganic sources. They are subdivided into two major groups. ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) that oxidize ammonia to nitrite, and nitrate oxidizing bacteria (NOB), which oxidize nitrite to nitrate. Examples of the AOB group are the Nitrosomonas Sp while Nitrobacter Sp belong to the NOB group.

Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria

These are chemolithotrophs bacteria that utilize ammonium as a source of energy. They oxidize ammonia to nitrite. Examples include the Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus, Nitrosospira, and Nitrosolobus species.

Gram-negative VS Gram-positive bacteria

Gram negative bacteria are bacteria that have a thin peptidoglycan (polymer) matrix, which comprises the cell membrane of the organism. Consequently these bacteria do not retain the crystal violet dye used in gram staining technique. On the other hand, gram positive bacteria contain a thick layer of this polymer matrix, thus retain the primary stain in gram staining giving them purple appearance.

Hydrocarbon

These are organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen elements. These compounds are abundant in nature and occur mostly in the form of crude oil. Hydrocarbons, therefore, are the main source of energy readily available as a combustible fuel.

Bioassay

This is a scientific assay that employs the use of live organisms to determine the biological activity of a test substance. These tests are useful in investigating the effects (toxicity) of an element accidently introduced in an ecosystem. For instance, the effect crude oil spills on the surface and deep-water marine life. Bioassays can be qualitative or quantitative.

Microtox bioassay

Microtox is a commercial bioassay kit that monitors growth activity of Vibrio (Allivibrio) Fischeri. The growth of the microorganism is monitored and quantified through bioluminescence.

Crude oil

This is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon liquid found beneath sedimentary rocks. This organic compound can be refined into various petroleum products, which form the various types of biofuels.

Biodegradation

Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic or inorganic matter into primary elements by living organisms. This process is mediated by enzymatic processes in the living cells and bacteria form the majority of organisms used in this process.

Sensitivity Bioassay study

The study by Urakawa (2012) investigated the toxicity of oil spills on nitrifying microorganisms. In this study, both nitrifying bacteria and archaea toxicity were reported at 0.1-10ppm concentration of the contaminant (Urakawa, et al 2012). However, archaea were reported to have a higher sensitivity to toxicity than bacteria. The toxicity sensitivity to crude oil also varies with species among nitrifying bacteria group, with N. maritimus showing a higher sensitivity than the rest (Urakawa, et al 2012). A significant difference in sensitivity is also noted between betaproteobacterial, which showed a higher sensitivity than gammaproteobacterial ammonia oxidizers (Urakawa, et al 2012). To determine the impact of chronic toxicity on microorganisms, Urakawa (2012) challenged the growth of heterotrophs with increasing doses of toxicity from zero to 10 ppm oil concentration (Urakawa, et al 2012). Significantly this group had a low sensitivity compared to that of nitrifying bacteria.

References

Urakawa, H. et al. (2012). “A sensitive crude oil bioassay indicates that oil spills potentially

induce a Change of major nitrifying prokaryotes from the Archaea to the Bacteria.

post a minimum of 2  page reflection paper here on EITHER the topic of “Crime”.

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Please post a minimum of 2  page reflection paper here on EITHER the topic of “Crime”. It must be at least 2 FULL pages (from the top of the first page to at least the very bottom of the second page). Formatting: 12 pt. Times New Roman, double-spaced evenly throughout. Please just put your heading, name, and date in the title. No research is required for this assignment. It is for your initial thoughts. All words written must be your own- no copying and pasting from other sources!

Page 1- your thoughts on the topic (Feel free to be honest here. Your classmates won’t have access to these.)

Page 2- application of theory. For this section, please apply each of the 3 main sociological theories to your chosen social problem. You are answering the question: How would a theorist from each perspective (structural functionalist, conflict, symbolic interactionist) view this social problem? Devote a paragraph (6-8 sentences) to each theory.

prepare and submit a paper on elements of fantasy and romanticism.

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Your assignment is to prepare and submit a paper on elements of fantasy and romanticism. Examining the definition of both of these concepts from the interpretations of writers understanding how this associated with movements such as neoclassicism helps to create a deeper knowledge of how the concepts of fantasy and romance were associated with specific time frames. A writer which showed an approach to fantasy and romance with his works was Keats. This poetic influence was one which was reflective of romanticism as a defining point in poetry. The writings of Keats showed the element of romanticism, specifically because of the expansion of the beautiful and the association with love that was a part of the writings. Even when the writings were based on the natural elements or the surrounding areas, beauty was the main concept conveyed through all the writings. The neoclassical movement would have associated these particular writings with ornamentation, flowery descriptions and the expansion on beauty and love to be against logic of what was surrounding the area while rejecting the realism of the time. More important, the fantasy that would have been a part of the neoclassical would have stated that the writings of Keats were nothing but an illusion of love and of desire. However, in the viewpoint of Keats, the elements and the beauty were the main focus while creating the romanticism with the idea of embracing the ideas of love, beauty and other concepts. Another example which shows this definition is through the works of Hawthorne, specifically which was recognized as a dark romantic. An example of this was with “The Scarlet Letter” that was written to reflect the ideas of romanticism and how when this is lost, everything is lost. The main character, that loses her love in life, is condemned from the town she lives in and is forced to wear the scarlet letter of “A.” The approach which is taken by Hawthorne is first defined as fantasy because this was never a rule or regulation, but only implies potential ideas which may arise in terms of morality, thoughts or belief systems. This rejects the notion of neoclassicism, which would have stated that this plot line could not exist and therefore would become invalid. The dark romanticism of the book continues with how the love that is lost also tortures the woman and the raising of her child while leaving her alone and distant from the rest of the town for the rest of her life. This romantic ideal highlights how love and beauty are everything. When there is an absence of this because of morality and reason, then all is lost. The main theme that Hawthorne shows is based specifically on the definition of fantasy and romanticism as well as the rejection of morality and the logical. The concept of neoclassicism that led to fantasy is one which is furthered with the essays written by Tolkien that were based on the concept of enlightenment and romanticism. Tolkien rejected the enlightenment, specifically with his own recognition that the scientific approach to the world created a perspective that was soulless (Tolkien, 57). This based all pursuits on order, law and binding expectations that did not leave room for creativity, the unknown or elements that were able to provide more opportunities for those that were interested in the progress of creativity.

Write a 8 pages paper on religion has influence.

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Write a 8 pages paper on religion has influence. Religion has been a source of international conflict and its role has only been reinforced over the year. Religion gives an individual his identity and any threat to one’s belief is a threat to one’s very being. Religion has always played a major role in addressing many conflicts round the world. While religion can also be a strong force for peace building and conflict resolution, in recent times, religion has become a stronger force in leading to international conflicts.

Religion is a powerful force and its power remains undiminished. Together with ethnicity, class, language, and a common history, religion builds the collective identity of the people (Workum, 2000). Religion helps distinguish the ‘in’ group from the ‘out’ group and ‘we’ from the ‘you’. Every human being, to maintain his identity is naturally attached to some ‘ism’ like liberalism, Marxism, nationalism, Hinduism. It is this very phenomenon that has become related to conflict and violence. The “clash of civilizations” thesis of Samuel P. Huntington stated that it was culture rather than ideology that would divide the world (Ercan, 2006). It also said that religion inspired intolerant and irreconcilable images of identity and commitment which was the cause of the conflicts. Religious fundamentalism is a source of international conflicts whether they are Muslims, Christians, or Jews. All have become involved in violence, brutal tactics, and even terrorism. Islamic fundamentalism has definitely left a mark after the September 11 attack on the US and other western countries by the radical Muslim groups. Religion plays a role in conflicts in three ways – legitimation, recruitment, and peace settlement (Little, 2005). In the Israel-Palestine conflict, religion has been used on both sides to justify armed conflict and to mobilize warriors. Holy sites and holy places become controversial issues and lead to conflicts. All these have led to a new threat to global security.