Create a 1 page page paper that discusses bus law. Pat Down Procedure and Standard Arizona v. Johnson was a court case that arose out of the issue of warranted and unwarranted pat downs during traffic stops. The Arizona Court of Appeal held that although the police Officer, Maria Trevizo, had reasonable cause to conduct a frisk on Lemon Johnson, the cause ceased to exist when it emerged that she questioned him on issues unrelated to the traffic violation. However, this decision was later overturned by the Supreme Court which ruled that Trevizo had done the right thing by seizing, questioning and conducting a pat down on Johnson. The court ruling was that it was lawful for Trevizo to have conducted the pat down since she had reasonable suspicion that Johnson was armed and dangerous. Once a police officer stops a vehicle for any kind of traffic offence, the basic standards as set out in Terry v Ohio must be followed. The first Terry condition stipulates that a traffic stop begins at the point when the vehicle is stopped and ends when the officer conducting the investigation tells the occupants that they can go. In Arizona v. Johnson, the standard that should be followed to an officer’s pat down of a passenger during a traffic stop is based on whether the officer reasonably suspects that the individual in question is armed and dangerous. The law does not require the officer conducting the investigation during a traffic stop to have a search warrant. His suspicion of the driver and/or passenger being armed and dangerous is enough to warrant a pat down. However, if the officer does not suspect the vehicle occupants of being armed and dangerous, then it would not be lawful to conduct a pat down as doing so would be infringing on the individual’s constitutional rights. Work Cited Supreme Court of United States. Arizona v. Johnson, 129 S. Ct. 781, 2009. Web. 18 July 2011.

I need help creating a thesis and an outline on Albert DeSalvo. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. Albert DeSalvo was a self-confessed criminal in Boston, United States. According to DeSalvo, he raped and killed 13 women in the same area. Despite his criminal ways, he was not imprisoned because of the absence of physical evidence to link him to these activities. The confessions regarding the murders he committed were thrown out as doubtful and debate continues to-date over the actual crimes that DeSalvo committed. The autobiography of Albert DeSalvo is presented including the criminal acts he committed in Boston. The Life of Albert DeSalvo He was born to Frank DeSalvo and Charlotte DeSalvo on September 3, 1931 in Boston in the port city of Chelsea. Chelsea, the home town of DeSalvo, covers approximately a square mile and is called as Boston’s poor sister to the north. DeSalvo was a third child out of his six siblings. His mother was a daughter of a fire-fighter in Boston and his father was a trained plumber who occasionally engaged in theft. He was introduced into criminal activities at the age of five by his father who took him to a nearby store and taught him how to shoplift (Sherman, 2003). DeSalvo grew up in an environment in which his father trained him criminal acts. His father may also have influenced him to engage in criminal activities because of the constant beatings that the father subjected the family to. When Salvao was seven, his drunken father once punched his mother in the mouth and forced the siblings to watch as he broke their mother’s fingers. He was also subjected to beatings by his father just like his mother was. The police officers at Chelsea were frequent visitors at DeSalvo’s home to break the domestic fights that ensued. As a result, the father was arrested many times for his criminal activities. The father exposed DeSalvo to cruel upbringing, at times forcing him to watch as he had sex with prostitutes in the house while the mother was away (Sherman, 2003). DeSalvo claimed that his father had once exchanged him and two of his sisters to a Maine farmer for $9. They were held captive for some months until the father came to their rescue. He was exposed to child slavery at a tender age. The home was unfavorable for Albert to grow up in, which made him escape from home on several occasions. He could spend his nights with city urchins in nearby East Boston. He acquired many skills from the young ruffians. DeSalvo was first arrested when he was 12 for violently robbing a neighborhood paperboy $2.85. He was accorded a suspended sentence because of no earlier criminal wrongdoings. After a month, together with his friends, he broke into a house and made away with jewelry approximated at $27. He was later to be apprehended with the stolen properties and committed to delinquent institution. The institution was a correction home to boys sentenced for violent crimes among other crimes. In the institutions, the sentenced criminals would train each other on pick pocketing and how to hot-wire a car quickly. He took ten months at the correction center. His father disappeared and divorced the mother years later (Hickey, 2003). Albert demonstrated little propensity for schoolwork in his early years. He was involved with an elderly woman for sexual encounters and escapades. In addition to the sexual desires that preoccupied his mind, he also resorted to theft. In 1946, he was apprehended for stealing a vehicle and sent back to the correction center. He later completed his studies and took honest jobs. He was rejected in the United States Marine Corps enlisting for being overweight. Subsequently, he tried the U.S. Army and qualified, taking an oath to defend the country in 1948 at Fort Banks, Massachusetts.