Provide a 4 pages analysis while answering the following question: The analysis of thymine and its derivatives by electron-ionisation and chemical-ionisation mass spectrometry. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required.

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Provide a 4 pages analysis while answering the following question: The analysis of thymine and its derivatives by electron-ionisation and chemical-ionisation mass spectrometry. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. Aromaticity of Thymine is due to the alignment of conjugated double bond and empty orbital of Nitrogens in the ring. Resonance also plays part in stabilizing the molecule. Thymine exists in different tautomeric form but the lactam form is the most stable and the form present in DNA structure. Thymine has the structure of an aromatic heterocyclic ring with two carbonyl attached to 2nd and 4th Carbon. A methyl group is attached to 5th Carbon. The first and third position of the ring is a Nitrogen atom. Both Nitrogen has unoccupied orbital that participates in stabilizing aromatic property of the molecule. Coupling of Thymine and 2-Deoxyribose creates the nucleoside Deoxythymidine which is commonly called Thymidine. One common mutations found in DNA are two adjacent pyrimidine bases commonly Thymidine that upon irradiation with UV-light will cause mutagenesis and therefore inhibits the process of translation. Thymine Thymidine Mass Spectrometry A mass spectrometer produces a spectrum of masses based on the structure of a molecule. The mass spectrum is not a spectrum with respect to electromagnetic radiation, as in the case or IR and NMR. Instead, it is a spectrum of plot of distribution of ion masses corresponding to the formula weight of the molecule, fragments derive from the molecule, or both. For the past years, advances in technology leads to well developed and precise mass spectrometric technique primarily used for structure determination and quantitative work. Mass spectrometers for structure elucidation can be classified according to the method of separating the charged particles. Most common methods are Magnetic Field Deflection, Quadrupole mass Spectrometry, Time of Flight, Ion-Cyclotron resonance and MS/MS (Tandem Mass spectrometry). The general procedure for a mass spectral analysis comes in subsequent steps. Feedingof sample in the Mass Spectrometer and undergoes vaporization. Vaporization is required if the starting substance is in liquid form. In most cases, this comes from an HPLC unit. GC-MS has been widely renowned for its convenience and accuracy. Components are then ionized using variety of techniques. This step is the determining factor for which kind of substance the mass spectrometer can effectively analyze. Biological sample are often ionized using Electron impact, Chemical ionization and the most recent Electron Spray Ionization. Contact with ions creates charge to various species of the sample. They are then separated according to their mass to charge ratio in a mass analyzer. The ions are detected by a transducer and then reported as spectral lines in mass spectra. Mass Spectral Analysis of Thymine Mass Spectra using Electron Ionization technique for Thymine has Molecular Ion peak at 126 m/z at almost 100% abundance. The intensity of the molecular ion peak depends on the stability of the molecular ion. Thymine is an Aromatic molecule so has the greatest stability of the molecular ion. M+1 ion is also evident as consequence of using Electron Ionization technique in ionization step. Lower m/z lines were due to fragments of Thymine. Mass Spectroscopic Analysis of Thymidine Derivatives Oxidation of Thymine in DNA Changes in DNA structure such as oxidations in DNA bases pose a major role in mutagenic initiation and degenerative diseases. Peroxyl radicals (ROO) has been found to cause must of the oxidations in the body.

research paper on realism, liberalism, constructivism and marxism and their views on the international system and international conflict. Needs to be 5 pages.

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Need an research paper on realism, liberalism, constructivism and marxism and their views on the international system and international conflict. Needs to be 5 pages. Please no plagiarism. &nbsp.Failure by different international relations to agree about explanations for, and possible solutions to, critical external problems calls for more intense study of the international relations. However, this paper is going to critically evaluate the arguments of Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism and Marxism and their views on the International System and International Conflict.

Realism is one of the most influential perspectives on international relations especially in the United States since the end of World War II. Realism has its intellectual roots in the conservative social and political philosophy. Therefore, in the quest to have it’s deeper understanding, it’s important to appreciate its conservative foundations. The pessimistic view of human nature is one of the critical elements of social and political philosophy. This element holds the view that people are flawed, imperfect, and imperceptible creatures. Human nature is a mix of good and bad features, and the latter can never be completely eliminated.

The other element of a conservative social and political philosophy is a view of people and social creatures, meaning that people are driven to identify with and belong to social groups. People do not want to be isolated, unattached beings (Shimko 40). People are not individualistic, they drive a great sense of belonging and comfort from their groups and social identities. The other element of conservative social and political philosophy is a belief in the inevitable social conflict. People and groups will always find themselves in conflict with others. This is because group or collective egoism is one of the irrational sources of conflict. For example, when people and groups believe that they are not merely different but also better than others.

problems and issues of childhood obesity

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I need some assistance with these assignment. problems and issues of childhood obesity Thank you in advance for the help! This essay “Problems and Issues of Childhood Obesity” outlines the consequences of the obesity and the steps that should be taken to stop it. When children take much of the beverages such as soda and juice boxes, they increase their chances of contracting the obesity. Therefore, large soda bottle quantities should not be advertised where the children are since they promote obesity epidemic. The number of children consuming soda has increased by 300% for the last 20 years. This shows the rate at which children are at risk of being obese. It is, therefore, documented that, there has been a 60% increase in obesity due to this increase in consumption of soda by children. Such beverages as soda contain some amount of calories that contributes to obesity, and currently, it is estimated that 20% of the children are overweight due to the contributions of calories intake in beverages. It has been noted that children of the current world show a great reduction in physical activity. With the current growth in use of technology such as computers, watching television and their rest, most children tend to remain non-mobile as they can do almost everything they want at a sitting. Physical education has also greatly reduced in our schools making the children neglect physical activity. All these new factors of life have made children adopt a sedentary lifestyle which make them attract the disposing factors of becoming obese. The current sedentary lifestyle that has been adopted by children also contribute to the increase of the obesity epidemic.

 

Provide a 6 pages analysis while answering the following question: The Concept of Task Allocation in Management. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required.

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Provide a 6 pages analysis while answering the following question: The Concept of Task Allocation in Management. Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. An abstract is required. The concept of Fordism also aims to maximize the production output (Cornelius 6. Giddens and Griffiths 745). The only difference between these two concepts is that Fordism was established during the time of industrialization. For this reason, the concept of Fordism is most commonly applied in the production line or mass production of products through the use of machinery (Cornelius 6). Instead of simply focusing on the use of organizational structure to increase employees’ overall production, Fordism aims to determine how the company can effectively increase its production output per hour. By establishing a tight control over the unit cost of production, Fordism encourages the business organization to earn more money through economies-of-scale (Cornelius 6).

Applicable in manufacturing industries, the principles of Taylorism strongly suggest that the wage system or salary being awarded to each employee should follow a non-incentive scheme regardless of their actual work performance or productivity and that the company should pay each employee only for the tasks they have completed (Cornelius 6). It means that the failure of each employee to meet the organizational goal could mean no added incentives in terms of each employee’s income. On the other hand, the concept of Fordism strongly promotes the need to increase its employees’ wages so that the workers could eventually become a significant part of the company’s customers (De Grazia 4. Sward 53). Aside from offering higher wages, Fordism also aims to improve its employees’ fringe benefits on top of providing them with more stable job opportunities.

Lean production is all about enhancing the production efficiency of the business organization in order to create and offer an added value to the customers.