This discussion will require you to draw on several competencies you have acquired as you have progressed through this course.

Consider the following scenario:

Scenario
Imagine that you are on a team of counselors who have been called in to provide consultation for the Common Sense Counseling community agency. On their Web site and on social media sites, Common Sense Counseling describes their approach as “a fresh, new approach to changing lives” having a high rate of success (based on numerous testimonials), and displays friendly pictures of everyone who works there.
You begin your work by interviewing trainees at the site. Your first interview is with Lorena, who is doing an internship at the agency. Lorena mentions that her most interesting client is an Eastern European male named Dominik; he has been in the United States for about a year on a work visa. Dominik sought counseling, because his employer suggested that it might help him get along better at work and improve his ability to complete tasks. Lorena notes that she gets along fine with Dominik but diagnosed him with ADHD, because he was having difficulty sitting still and focusing. She did not refer him for further evaluation.
Lorena expresses confidence that things are going well with the case. Dominik schedules appointments over his lunch hour, so he will not miss work, and he brings extra food to share with Lorena. Lorena wants Dominik to feel welcome and comfortable, so she accepts what he brings. Sometimes they sit outside if the weather is nice, Lorena notes, because she believes that fresh air is good for the well-being of her client. Lorena confides to you that yesterday, Dominik asked if they could meet at a restaurant instead of eating at the office. Lorena says she felt a little funny about this but agreed to it, thinking that it was consistent with the friendly approach of the agency.
Lorena also discloses that recently Dominik sent her a friend request on Facebook, which she accepted. He has only four more sessions of counseling left at the agency, and she hopes they can still be friends after he completes treatment.
When you ask to review Lorena’s case notes, you do not see a supervisor’s signature. Lorena explains that because things are going well, she has not felt the need to staff this case. Apparently, the supervisor agreed that Lorena could exercise her own professional judgment. On the treatment plan, you see that Lorena describes using a directive approach and supplementing it with humor therapy, which she read about on the Internet. She describes this as “common sense counseling,” but she is not able to articulate why it will be helpful for Dominik or discuss the evidence that this approach helps clients get better. When you ask Lorena how she knows her counseling sessions are benefitting Dominik, she says, “Well, he keeps coming back, so it must be worth his while, right?”

Using your text, the Web sites for the ACA and AMHCA ethics codes and the Forester-Miller and Davis (2016) decision making model assigned in this unit’s studies, prepare a draft of your conclusions regarding this case that you will review with your consulting team. In your post, complete the following:

• Detail at least two potential ethical violations in this case that may harm the client, citing a specific standard of one or more of the ethical codes for clinical mental health counselors.
• Identify a potential ethical violation that may be harming Lorena.
• Discuss ways in which Lorena’s practices may harm public perceptions of the accountability and credibility of counselors.
• Prepare a multi-step plan for the agency to follow in re-aligning its interns’ and supervisors’ clinical work with professional standards.

Support your ideas with citations of readings and Web sites from this course, using APA style.

In light of problems posed by the concept of drive, Premack, one of Skinner’s followers, proposes that we consider reinforcement:

 

A.In terms of the length of extinction.

 

B.In terms of the power of discriminative stimuli.

 

C.As ratios between positive and negative reinforcement.

 

D.As the momentary probability of a response.

 

Responses that are intermittently rather than continuously reinforced are:

 

A.Less likely to generalize.

 

B.Less subject to negative reinforcement.

 

C.More difficult to extinguish.

 

D.All of the above.

 

The text indicates how Skinner discussed emotions as the effects of:

 

A.Reinforcement schedules.

 

B.Shaping.

 

C.Discriminative stimuli.

 

D.Behavior chains.

 

Skinner’s attitude toward the theory of natural selection seemed basically:

 

A.Positive.

 

B.Negative.

 

C.Mixed.

 

D.Unclear

 

Skinner argued that internal events such as thoughts:

 

A.Have no place in behaviorism.

 

B.Should only be studied if they can be observed and measured.

 

C.Are less important than Pavlov said they are.

 

D.Are less important than Watson said they are

 

According to the text, the most basic difference between Skinner and the developmentalists has to do with:

 

A.The issue of stages.

 

B.The source of developmental change-inner or outer.

 

C.The continuity-discontinuity issue.

 

D.The importance of emotions in the developmental process.

 

An example of a discriminative stimulus is a boy who:

 

A.Is startled by the sight of a dog.

 

B.Works only when immediately rewarded.

 

C.Cries to get attention.

 

D.Works hard only when the teacher says, “This paper will be graded.”

 

The text considers research on televised aggression as:

 

A.Weak.

 

B.Fairly Weak.

 

C.Fairly conclusive.

 

D.Supporting some theorists but not others.

 

In Bandura’s theory, direct reinforcements primarily affect:

 

A.General classes of behavior rather than specific behavior.

 

B.Aggressive behavior rather than other kinds of behavior.

 

C.Altruistic behavior rather than other kinds of behavior.

 

D.Performances rather than the acquisition of responses.

 

Over the years, Bandura has come to view Piaget’s theory as:

 

A.Similar to his own.

 

B.Still wrong in major respects.

 

C.Correct about external standards.

 

D.Correct about stages.

 

Studies on pro-social behavior suggest that:

 

A.Preaching can have strong short-term effects but can backfire.

 

B.Modeling a behavior for children always has stronger effects than issuing orders.

 

C.Practicing and preaching have about the same effects.

 

D.Preaching is always more effective than modeling a behavior

 

A 3-year old child enthusiastically imitates the behavior of a slightly older child. This imitation most clearly supports the theory of:

 

A.Piaget.

 

B.Bandura.

 

C.Skinner.

 

D.Watson.

 

Five-year olds seem to talk to themselves aloud more often as their work becomes increasingly difficult. This finding supports:

 

A.Piaget.

 

B.Vygotsky.

 

C.Both Piaget and Vygotsky.

 

D.Neither Piaget nor Vygotsky.

 

Luria found that when young children try to give themselves verbal commands:

 

A.They can immediately regulate their behavior.

 

B.They respond to the meaning of their words rather than their words’ signaling function.

 

C.They respond primarily to familiar words.

 

D.They behave as if all commands initiate behavior.

 

One of Vygotsky’s laws was that:

 

A.Behavior begins as action and then become increasingly verbal and logical.

 

B.The dialectic of history manifests itself in the cognitive conflicts between individuals.

 

C.Children first learn the social forms of behavior, then apply it to themselves.

 

D.Logic is simply interiorized action.

 

The text most strongly criticizes Vygotsky’s educational approach for:

 

A.Ignoring Piaget.

 

B.Lack of clarity.

 

C.Overemphasizing social learning.

 

D.Fostering dependence.

 

The text suggests Vygotsky described the interactions between inner and outer forces behind development:

 

A.In a clear and precise way.

 

B.In an imbalanced way.

 

C.In a clearer manner with respect to language than school instruction.

 

D.In a clearer manner for older than younger children.

 

Freud would suggest that a young man’s anxiety over competition probably reflects earlier problems at:

 

A.The first stage.

 

B.The second stage.

 

C.The third stage.

 

D.The fourth stage.

 

What most puzzled Freud about the girl’s Oedipus Complex was:

 

A.Why girls experience penis envy.

 

B.Why girls aren’t as open as boys about sexual matters.

 

C.Why girls feel a need to resolve the crisis.

 

D.Why girls develop a masculinity complex.

 

In general, the strongest fixation seems to be:

 

A.Excessive gratification.

 

B.Excessive frustration.

 

C.Inconsistent care.

 

D.Unconscious fantasies.

 

ESSAY QUESTIONS (INCLUDE CITATIONS)

 

1.What does the text consider to be the major difference between Skinner and Piaget?

 

2.Briefly contrast Bandura’s view of learning with Skinner’s view.

 

3.Contrast the views of Piaget and Bandura on how children develop.

 

4.Compare the views of Piaget and Vygotsky on school instruction in abstract concepts.

 

5.a) Why did Vygotsky believe the “zone of proximal development” provides a better indication of students’ potential than conventional achievement tests? b) In the evaluation section, the textbook author presents a Rousseauist critique of this concept. Discuss one of the points the authors makes.

 

6.a) Describe Freud’s theory of the Oedipal Crisis and its resolution in the boy and the girl. b) Summarize a major criticism of Freud’s theory of the Oedipus complex (with respect to either the boy or the girl).